Knopia octocontacanalis

Description: The holotype is fragmented owing to the process of removal of the colony from the reef. It consists of several groups of polyps attached by stolons to pieces of hard, coral reef­derived substratum and a portion of sponge (Fig 5 A). The sclerite­free polyp bodies are inflated to various degrees and most are transparent and acorn­shaped, e. g. 7.2 mm long and 4.8 mm in diameter. Taller polyps are narrower, e. g. 8.7 mm x 3.8 mm and 9.5 mm x 3.3 mm and can be up to c. 11 mm long. The polyp bodies are covered by a thin cuticle that is continuous with that covering the basal colonial stolons. In general, the greater the extent of inflation the more transparent is the polyp body wall. Small, contracted polyps are opaque. Many of the polyps have the tentacles partially exposed (Fig. 5 C, D), and in a few they are completely exposed (Fig. 5 B). Some of the latter are sufficiently expanded to reveal that the polyps have an introvertible neck zone, which, although only 1 – 2 mm long in the preserved material (Fig. 5 B), can be quite extensive in life (Fig. 10 A). The mesenterial insertions into the wall of the introvert can be seen as distinct longitudinal lines (Fig. 5 B). When the neck region is invaginated, it is visible through the body wall as a pale cylinder that may hold part or all the tentacles packed longitudinally in a bundle (Fig 5 D). The mesenteries are also clearly visible through the body wall of most polyps (Fig. 5 D). The polyps arise from reticulate stolons adherent to fragments of reef substratum, but the polyp density obscures much of the network. Most of the stolons are flattened and the narrowest are about 0.8 mm broad. Other portions of the network are 2 – 3 time as wide, especially where several branches of the network anastomose, but no large membranous expansions are present. Figure 7 A shows a similar stolonal network in a paratype. Not all of the holotype stolons are fully attached to the substratum. Some arch across the rock and they also cross or lie upon other stolons without anastomosing. The terminal shoots of the stolonal network are cylindrical. They are about 0.8 mm in diameter and commonly project free of the surface. Their cuticle seems to be thicker than the stolons of the established network, and all but the smooth rounded tip is noticeably wrinkled (Fig. 5 E). The preserved tentacles are each shaped like a long, narrow, tongue (Figs 7 B, C). The lateral edges are often more or less parallel, and the tip is usually rounded although the distal part of the tentacle may taper. In life, the tentacles are narrowly elliptical (Fig. 9 A). The margins of the tentacle are very broad and are divided into a series of finger­like caeca, as if a single row of closely appressed pinnules had become fused side­toside along the length of the tentacle. This is easily seen in the decalcified tentacle shown in Figure 7 C (the gaps along the left­hand margin of this tentacle are tears). In the preserved specimens, the end of a pseudopinnule may bulge very slightly, but in most cases this is not obvious. As shown in Figures 9 B, C, it is not even obvious in live colonies where the hydrostatic pressure within the tentacle would be expected to distend the tissue. In this figure it is also possible to see that the margins of pseudopinnules do not extend over the total length of the tentacle, but the proximal portion, just before the tentacle meets the oral region, remains free. The inflated rachis of the tentacle can also be seen to be narrower in this region — a feature that is quite marked in the preserved material. The pseudopinnule caeca are confluent with the longitudinal lumen of the tentacle rachis and are full of zooxanthellae. The rachis is also packed with zooxanthellae, but in preserved material there is a free space in the centre running the length of the tentacle, as can be seen in the transverse cross section in Figure 7 Da. The other two transverse sections in this figure (Fig. 7 Db, c) are from a paratype that was fixed in formalin prior to being preserved in ethanol, and clearly show that tentacle shrinkage in the ethanol­fixed holotype has condensed the zooxanthellae into a smaller area and reduced the amount of free space within the tentacle. A longitudinal section through the blade of a tentacle from this paratype shows that the interior of the pseudopinnules is packed with zooxanthellae (Fig. 7 E). In the holotype, the tentacles are up to c. 5.4 mm in length. There are about 70 – 80 pseudopinnules in each tentacle margin. Most of these are 0.30 – 0.34 mm long but they can be as long as 0.40 mm. The polyp mouth is slit­like and sits at the apex of a dome­shaped hypostome. The upper part of the introvert (sometimes all of it), the tentacles, and all but the summit of the oral hypostome are densely covered in minute sclerites which give a pale, pinkish­white sheen. Highly magnified under a dissecting microscope, the sclerites appear opalescent with flecks of red, blue, and green. The sclerites on the tentacles are arranged in rows; longitudinally on the rachis (Fig. 10 C) and at right angles to these on the surface of the pseudopinnules. There are also sclerites in the dividing walls between the pseudopinnules (Fig. 7 C). The majority of the sclerites are very small corpuscle­like platelets with a circular, oval, peanut­, or kidney­shaped outline (Fig. 6 A); those shaped like Fig 6 Aa are actually platelets seen edge­on. Scattered amongst the platelets are a few small scale­like sclerites (Fig 6 B). Polyp sclerites mostly measure 0.011 – 0.025 mm along the greatest diameter, and the platelets are constructed from sinuous, dendritic, calcite rods that are more or less radially arranged (Fig. 6 C). Variability: Polyp density is variable, as are the density and broadness of the stolons, as can be seen in Figure 7 A of sample NTM C 15391. The number of pseudopinnules in the largest polyps in a colony does not vary greatly, with counts of about 65 – 75 being common. The distribution of the sclerites is quite variable as is the colour. In several specimens, all or most polyps have very few sclerites. In those with few sclerites, they are predominantly present in the tentacle rachis; the pseudopinnules in some specimens can be almost sclerite­free. Besides the colours described above, sclerites can also appear to refract mainly green or gold, commonly with some red. In a number of specimens the sclerite­free hypostome retains its live yellow colour. Because polyp size can be influenced by so many factors, measurements of polyps in taxa like this are not a reliable species character unless the differences are dramatic. Expanded polyps and tightly contracted ones are generally of similar size in all colonies to hand. The longest expanded polyp has a body length of 12.5 mm and tentacle length of 5 mm (NTM C 15398).

Remarks: Daniel Knop has documented the pattern of fluorescence of the polyps of Knopia octocontacanalis under ultraviolet light (Fig. 9 D). He claims (pers. com.) that this pattern is the same for species of Tubiporidae with the same tentacle structure.

Etymology: “ Eighty­piped ”. There are up to 80 pseudopinnules along each margin of a tentacle; octoconta (Greek transliteration for 80) and canalis (Latin for a water pipe).

Material examined: Holotype: NTM C 13568, Kapikan, Semporna Islands, Sabah, Malaysia, 04 º 38.843 ' N, 118 º 49.813 ' E, depth 10 – 20 m, F. Dipper, 28 March 2000. Paratypes: NTM C 13563, Kapikan, Semporna Islands, 04 º 37.794 ’ N, 118 º 50.085 ' E, depth 12 m, F. Dipper, 6 October 1999; NTM C 13566, Pelu Beach, Boheydulang, Semporna Islands, 04 º 36.230 ' N, 118 º 47.610 ' E, depth 28 m, F. Dipper, 8 April 2000; NTM C 13567, Kapikan, Semporna Islands, depth 5 – 10 m, F. Dipper, 30 April 1999; NTM C 15381, Kapikan, Semporna Islands, 04 ° 38.843 ' N, 118 ° 49.813 ' E, depth 10 – 20 m, F. Dipper, 28 March 2000; NTM C 15382, Biaro, Indonesia, 02 º 08.48 ' N, 125 º 21.15 ' E, depth 3 m, Coral Reef Research Foundation (CRRF), 23 May 1993; NTM C 15383 – 15387, NTM C 15392 – 15394, Kotok, Island, Thousand Islands, Kotok Is., Indonesia, 5 ° 42.77 ' S, 106 ° 33.675 ' E, depth 15 – 22 m, Daniel Knop, 16 July 2002; NTM C 15388 – 15391, NTM C 15395, same data but 24 September 2002; NTM C 15396, same data but December 2004; NTM C 15398, probably Indonesia, purchased from a dealer by Daniel Knop, December 2004.