Cyphoderus caetetus

Description. Total length of adult about 1.5 mm. Habitus typical entomobryid (Fig. 2), pigment and eyes absent. Antennae shorter than body (Fig. 2), Ant. IV oval, not annulated, length 2.8 × Ant. III length, apical bulb absent (Fig. 3). Ant. III apical organ with five sense rods, two internal, two medial and close together, one lateral; five bristle-like sensilla and two finely ciliated microsetae (Figs 4 – 5). Ant. II bearing an apical organ (Fig. 6) with three sense rods, one acuminate sensillum and five finely ciliated microsetae (Fig. 7). Ant. I with ciliated micro and mesosetae (Fig. 8). Head dorsal chaetotaxy (Fig. 9) with six macrosetae in An series; five mesosetae in A series (A 0 – A 1 unpaired, A 2 – A 3 – A 5 paired); M 1 – M 4, S 0 – S 2 – S 3 – S 4 – S 5 i – S 5, Ps 2 and Ps 5 present in medio-ocellar to post-sutural areas; posterior setae Pa 2, Pa 3, Pa 5, Pa 6 (bothriotrix), Pm 3, Pp 1, Pp 4 and Pp 5 present. Clypeus with one pair of pseudopores, clypeo-labrum with amp seta numbers of 4,5, and 6 smooth setae, respectively (Fig. 10). Maxillary palps with smooth apical and basal setae. Labial triangle formula A 1 – 4, M 1 – 2, r, E, L 1 – 2; all setae ciliated, r seta normal in size. Setae along ventral groove ciliated (Fig. 11). Macrosetae on segments Th. II to Abd. IV as 0,0 / 0,2,5,2 + 3. Body chaetotaxy (Fig. 12), anterior edge of Th. II with a collar of two or three rows of ciliated, capitated macrosetae. Th. II with a 1 – 5, m 2 – 3 and mp 3, and p 1 i, p 1 – 6. Th. III with a 2, a 6, m 2 – 5 and p 1 – 3. Abd. I with five setae (a 6, m 2 – 5) and one microseta (as). Abd. II with bothriotricha a 5 and m 2 surrounded by 4 and 2 fan-shaped setae, respectively. M 3 – 5 macrosetae, a 6 – 7, am 6, m 6 – 7 and p 6 – 7 mesosetae. Abd. III bothriotricha a 5, m 2, m 5 surrounded by 3, 3 and 2 fan-shaped setae respectively; m 6, pm 6 and p 3, 6 – 7 macrosetae, four mesosetae present (a 6 – 7, am 6 and m 7), microseta ‘ as’ present, macroseta m 3 absent. Abd. IV bothriotricha T 2, T 4 and D 3 p surrounded by 3, 2 and 0 fan-shaped setae respectively; A 3 with accessory sensillum, A 1 accessory sensillum absent. B 4 – 5, D 3, E 2, E 4 and 7 postero-lateral macrosetae present, posterior row of setae at the distal edge of Abd. IV reduced in number (3 mesosetae), two pseudopores present on the posterior edge of the segment. Chaetotaxy of coxae, trochanters and femora shown in Figs 13 – 16. Trochanteral organ with 18 setae arranged in V, five additional setae grouped in field basal to V- group (Fig. 15). Tibiotarsus with large, stout, spatulate tenent hair. Unguis I with unpaired tooth at the distal third, ungues II and III with one or two unpaired teeth. Large, lamellate, paired tooth present at the base of all ungues, as typical for the genus. Unguiculi large, length about twothirds that of the unguis length, with strong lamellate outer tooth (Fig. 17). Collophore with 2 + 2 ciliated macrosetae along ventral groove, each side with six ciliated apical mesosetae, posterior surface with one ciliated macroseta, five ciliated mesosetae, and four minute peg-like sensilla on each side (Fig. 18). Manubrium 1.3 × as long as dens, pseudopores absent. Dens 1.9 × as long as mucro (1.74 to 1.94), dorsally with two rows of setae; medial row with four basal ciliated setae and four distal feathered setae, external row with 6 ciliated and one smooth setae intercalated near the base of feathered setae. Two large apical scales slightly shorter than mucro (mucro / scale in holotype 1.0 2, average 1.16). Mucro of adults usually with 10 teeth (range 8 ‒ 12) in outer lamella, some individuals with tooth in the medial lamella reaching or nearly reaching mucro tip; juveniles with 5 ‒ 8 teeth (Fig. 19).

Remarks. The species is the first of the ‘ multidentati’ group known from Brazil. The new species can be easily recognized by the number of teeth in the mucro of the adult, the number of scales on dens, the presence of 12 macrosetae on Abd. IV, the reduction of the posterior row of setae on Abd. IV to three mesosetae and the absence of accessory A 1 sensillum, always present in Neotropical C. agnotus, C. javanus, C. similis, C. innominatus (personal observation). The new species can be differentiated from the most similar species, C. multidentatus Delamare from Africa, by the presence of 7 setae in the external row, close to the feathered setae on dens.

Distribution and habitat. Cyphoderus caetetus sp. nov. is known from Fernando de Noronha, an oceanic archipelago 380 km from the Brazilian coast, and is also known from southeastern (Minas Gerais State) to northeastern (Paraíba State) Brazil. The species is found in a wide range of habitats including sea turtle nests inside the egg chamber, iron caves over organic matter and water film, and leaf litter of tropical forest near the coast. The climate according to Köppen’s system (Köppen 1936; Kottek et al. 2006), ranges from Cwa (dry winters and rainy summers due to tropical instability) to As (rainy winter less than 500 mm / year, dry summers). The species was not found in the northern region, including in iron caves in Amazonia; apparently the semi-arid ‘ caatinga’ in the northeastern region forms a barrier that prevents dispersal from Atlantic coastal forest and Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) towards the amazon forest in northern Brazil. This hypothesis suggests that C. caetetus sp. nov. must be found in the savannas of central Brazil, as well.

Etymology. The species name is derived from the Tupy-Guarani word “ Caitétu ”, meaning “ with sharp teeth ”.

Type material. Holotype male on slide 6146, Brazil, Pernambuco, Fernando de Noronha (03 ° 51 ’ 16,7 ” S 32 ° 26 ’ 30 ” W), Sancho Beach, forest leaf litter, 31. vii. 2012, leg. E. C. A. Lima, A. S. Ferreira. Holotype deposited at the Coleção de Referência de Fauna de Solo, Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (CRFS-UEPB), João Pessoa, Paraíba Paratype juv., Brazil, Pernambuco, Fernando de Noronha (03 ° 50 ’ 59 ” S 32 ° 26 ’ 16 ” W), Cacimba do Padre Beach, leaf litter on the slope, 25. VII. 2012, leg. E. C. A. Lima, A. S. Ferreira (slide 6551). Paratype deposited at CRFS-UEPB: Paratype adult, Brazil, Pernambuco, Fernando de Noronha (03 ° 50 ’ 45 ” S 32 ° 25 ’ 43 ” W), Boldró Beach, forest leaf litter, 20. vii. 2012, leg. E. C. A. Lima, D. Zeppelini (slide 6550). Paratype deposited at Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNURFJ). Other material. Adult, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Conceição do Mato Dentro (43 º 24 ’ 9 ” W 18 º 57 ’ 25 ” S), Cavity CSF- 18, 23. vi – 12. vii. 2014, leg. CARSTE team (slide 6048). Juv., Brazil, Minas Gerais, Morro do Pilar (43 º 20 ’ 44 ” W 19 º 5 ’ 34 ” S), Cavity SERP- 56, 23. vii. 2013, leg. Soares et al. (slide 5003). Juv., Brazil, Minas Gerais, Itabirito (43 º 56 ’ 46 ” W 20 º 17 ’ 38 ” S), Cavity VL- 15, 21 – 23. v. 2014, leg. CARSTE team (slide 5933). Adult, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Itabirito (43 º 56 ’ 46 ” W 20 º 17 ’ 38 ” S), Cavity VL- 15, 21 – 23. v. 2014, leg. CARSTE team (slide 5937). Adult, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Itabirito (43 º 56 ’ 46 ” W 20 º 17 ’ 38 ” S), Cavity VL- 15, 21 – 23. v. 2014, leg. CARSTE team (slide 5936). Juv., Brazil, Minas Gerais, Morro do Pilar (43 º 20 ’ 44 ” W 19 º 5 ’ 34 ” S), Cavity SERP- 56, 23. vii. 2013, leg. Soares et al. (slide 5000). Adult, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Conceição do Mato Dentro (43 º 23 ’ 38 ” W 19 º 51 ’ 8 ” S) Cavity CSF- 12, 23. vi – 12. vii. 2014, leg. CARSTE team (slide 6046). Adult, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Serra do Gandarela, Santa Barbara (43 º 40 ’ 58 ” W 20 º 2 ’ 0.0 ” S), Cavity Galeria 04,16 – 17. i. 2013, leg. Andrade et al. (slide 3352). Moulting juv., Brazil, Minas Gerais, Caeté, 21. v. 2013, leg. BIOESPELEO team (slide 3759). Juv., Brazil, Minas Gerais, Conceição do Mato Dentro, Cavity CSF- 12, 23. vi – 12. vii. 2014, leg. CARSTE et al. (slide 6044). Adult, Brazil, Minas Gerais, Serra do Gandarela, Santa Barbara (43 º 40 ’ 53 ” W 20 º 1 ’ 38 ” S), Cavity IV / Apolo, 07. ii. 2012, leg. Andrade et al. (slide 1789). Juv., Brazil, Minas Gerais, Serra do Gandarela, Rio Acima, (43 º 49 ’ 36 ” W 20 º 9 ’ 46 ” S), Cavity VG- 03, 02 – 10. viii. 2011, leg. Andrade et al. (slide 4602).