Bullis, H. R., Jr. (1962). A new species of Torpedo from the Florida Straits. <em>Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean.</em> v. 12 (no. 1): 61-65.

original description

Froese, R. & D. Pauly (Editors). (2026). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. version (04/2025).

additional source

Looby, A.; Erbe, C.; Bravo, S.; Cox, K.; Davies, H. L.; Di Iorio, L.; Jézéquel, Y.; Juanes, F.; Martin, C. W.; Mooney, T. A.; Radford, C.; Reynolds, L. K.; Rice, A. N.; Riera, A.; Rountree, R.; Spriel, B.; Stanley, J.; Vela, S.; Parsons, M. J. G. (2023). Global inventory of species categorized by known underwater sonifery. <em>Scientific Data.</em> 10(1).

ecology sourceDOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02745-4