Thalassematinae

Forbes, E. (1841). A history of British Starfishes and other animals of the class Echinodermata. <em>London; John Van Voorst.</em> 267 pp.

Forbes, E., Goodsir, J. (1841). On the natural history and anatomy of Thalassema and Echiurus. <em>Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal.</em> 30: 369–378.

Goto, R. (2016). A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of spoon worms (Echiura, Annelida): implications for morphological evolution, the origin of dwarf males, and habitat shifts. <em>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.</em> 99: 247–260.

Nishikawa, T. (1998). Nomenclatural remarks on the family-group names of the Phylum Echiura. <em>Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.</em> 111(2): 249–256.

Stephen, A. C., Edmonds, S. J. (1972). The Phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.