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Blake, J.A. 1996. Family Spionidae Grube, 1850. pages 81-223. IN: Blake, James A.; Hilbig, Brigitte; and Scott, Paul H. Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel. 6 - The Annelida Part 3. Polychaeta: Orbiniidae to Cossuridae. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Santa Barbara

Blake, James A., Maciolek, Nancy J. & Meißner, Karin. (2019). Spionidae Grube, 1850. <em>[book chapter].</em> pp. 1–103. Chapter 7.4.1 In: Purschke, G., Westheide, W. & Böggemann, M. (Eds.), Handbook of Zoology. Annelida. Band 2. Pleistoannelida, Sedentaria II. De Gruyter, Berlin.

Fauchald, K.; Granados-Barba, A.; Solís-Weiss, V. (2009). Polychaeta (Annelida) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 751–788 in D.L. Felder and D.K. Camp (eds.). <em>Gulf of Mexico. Origin, Waters, and Biota. Volume 1, Biodiversity.</em> Texas A&M University Press, College Station, Texas.

Foster, N.M. (1969). New species of spionids (Polychaeta) from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea with a partial revision of the genus <i>Prionospio</i>. <em>Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington.</em> 82(38): 381-400.