Aves

Cor biloculare, biauritum; Sanguine calido, rubro. Pulmones respirantes reciproce. Maxiilae incumbentes, nudae, exsertae, edentulae. Penis subintrans absque scroto oviparas crusta calcarea. Sensus: Lingua, Nares, Oculi, Aures absque auriculis. Tegmenta: Pennae incumbentes, imbricatae. Fulcra: Pedes bini. Alae binae. Uropygium cordatum.

Ipsi laetitia voces ad sidera mittunt Intonsi montes, ipsae jam eannina rupes, Ipsa sonant arbusta. V IRGIL. ecl. V. 62. AEREAE vocales Volucres pulcherrimae, Mandibulis protraƐtis nudis, Corpore pennis imbricato, Alis duabus pennatis volitantes bipedes dignoscuntur. AVES leviimae modici ponderis & magnitudinis, teƐtae pennis plumisque, destitutae Auriculis, Labiis, Cauda, Scroto, Dentibus, Utero, Epiglottide, Fornice, Corporecalloso, Diaphragmate. PENNAE avibus propriae imbricatim in quincuncem dispoitae, intertinƐtae Plumis, distinƐtae a Remigibus ReƐtribusque, omnes supra convexae, subtus concavae: latere exteriore angutiores; interiore latiores; anteriore laxiores, poteriore triƐtiores; scilicet e baseos cylindro tubuloso, referto vase lymphaticis simili, Rachi elongatae, bifariam radiis parallelisapproximatis distinƐtis itidem pinnatis ancipites. Colore ludunt, sed variant aetate, sexu, tempetate, climate; contantiores Remiges & Retrices, quae attente notandae (*). Nuda cutis utrinque ad colli latera a capite versus interscapulium; ab axillis per latera peƐtoris fere ad inguina, & ad femora potica. OVA his, animalibus communia (pag. 15. n. 4.) numero diveris vario, sed majora pro mora exclusionis siccae, semper putamine calcareo obteƐta, incubatu calido excludenda Parentis, in Nido artificioso. DIVIDITUR Avium corpus in Caput, Truncum, Artus. CAPUT tegitur supra Pileo e Vertice, Fronte, Occipiteque unitis, cingens rostrum antice Capistro, in quo Lora e lineis duabus nudis a rotro ad oculos duƐta; Orbitae ambiunt oculos, supra quos Supercilia; inter oculos & aures Tempora; inter oculos vero & gulam Genae sunt. Rostrum in variis varium: ReƐtum, Incurvum, Recurvatum, Teres, Compressum, Depressum, Conicum, Subulatum, Cylindricum, Angulatum, Cultratum, Fornicatum, Uncinatum. Mandibula nudae, edentulae, quibusdam pone apicem emarginatae, paucis ferratae, exporreƐtae in Rostrum corneum, Naribus pertusum, superioris basi quibusdam Cera nuda vestita, Vibrissis peƐtinatim ciliatis ad faucis exterioris margines. Lingua carnosa, cartilaginea, emarginata, lacera, pennacea, ciliata, integra s. acuta. Oculi laterales Palpebris Membranaque niƐtitante detergendi; Superciliorum loco interdum linea piƐta, rarius carunculata. Aures truncatae absque auriculis, quarum loco pennae Strigibus longae. Barba Mystacea ad mandibulas inferiores, mobilis Momotae. Pendulino; in ipso PeƐtore pendula Meleagridi adulto; at Capistrum reversum tegit basin rostri Corvis, Picis, Strigibus. Crista pennacea pilei Frontalis, Verticalis, Occipitalis, EreƐta, Recurvata, Deflexa, Plicatilis, Compressa. Carunculae vero carnosae nudaeque Frontis, Verticis, Nuchae, Superciliorum, Gulae, Juguli, sunt ornamenta capitis in variis. Collum elongatum, eretiusculum, teres, supra incipit Nucha, continuatur Cervice; infra vero incipit Gula, continuatur Jugulo. TRUNCUS ovatus constans Dorso coadunato macro, subtus supra Sternum magnumcarinatum musculosissimo PeƐtore, Claviculis coadunatis in Furcam, Abdomine minore, potice sub uropygio perforato Ano, genitalibus communi, & terminato Crisso. ARTUS sunt Brachiales Alae, veri Podes, Caudale Uropygium. ALAE compressae, Ossium articulis mobiles, teƐtae Pennis, demum TeƐtricibus primis secundisque, postice ciliatae Remigibus; explicantur hae in fornicatum ventilabrum volitanti; complicantur tabulanti primoribus subeuntibus secundarias, ut hae latere antico depingant specificum speculum nitidum Anatum; nec deficiunt nisi in Impennibus pelagicis (Diomedea demersa, inundata, Al ca impenni) vel volatu ponderosioribus (Struthione, Dido) Ossa: α. Brachii 1 elongatum. β. Cubiti 2 elongata. γ. Carpi 2 brevissima. δ. Metacarpi 2 connexa mediocria. ε. Digiti 2 attenuata, altero majore biarticulato, compresso; altero minuto. ζ. Pollicis vero 1 minutum, insidens basi anteriori metacarpi, raro spina evadens (Parris, Charadrio, Struthioni) adjacente spina setacea. Remiges Primores X: quorum 1 — 4 Digiti, 5 — 10 Metacarpi; Secundarii 10 — 20 s. 28 Cubiti, nulli vero Brachii; at Alula spuria pennis 3 s. 5 Pollici inidet. PEDES ex Femore, Tibia, Digitis, Unguibus: Femora exOsseFemoris, Crurisque binis altero setaceo, carnosa, pennisteƐta, praeterquam cruribus denudatis in vadantibusGrallis; ceterum plerisque aequilibrio supposita, nisi in Conpedibusambularenesciis, quibus intra commune abdoministegmenrecondita (Alcis, Colymbis); nonnullisArmillae supragenuacinguntcoloratae. Tibiae ex Osse Tarsi elongato, maeres, angustae, tendinosae, nudae, rariusvevillosaeplumosaeve, paucis postice Spina calcatae, imprimismasculis. Digitie Metatarsiphalangibus, plerumque IV, quorum unus posticusbreviorque, intermediusanterior vero longior, sed Scanoriisdigitiantici 2. poticique 2; Cursoriae vero postico destituunturtridaƐtylae (Charadrius, Haematopus, Otis, Casuarius), rarissimedidaƐtylae (StruthioCamelus). Sunt vero Digiti distinƐti Fissipedibusplerisque; velintermedius adnatus laterali Gressoriis; velanterioresintertextimembrana integra Natatoriis; quaefi ssainLobatis; velbasitantum intertextaSemipalmatisvadantibus; velarticulus membranula marginali Pinnatis. Ungues acuti, quibusdam obtusi, paucis marginati, paucissimis muticisnulli. UROPYGIUM sessile, cordatum, glandula gemina caudae brevi adposita tumidum, supra pertusum Poro oleifero, cinƐto penicillo; ambitu ciliatum ReƐtricibus Caudae: Rectrices saepe XII (1, 2,3,4, 5,6,6, 5,4,3, 2, 1); plures (18) Gallinis, pauciores (10) Picis (Pico, Certhiae, Cuculo, Yungi, Bucero, Ramphasto, Trochilo). Cauda inde vel Pedibus brevior brachyura, vel longior macroura; ex ReƐtrcibus aequalibus integra; vel ad latera per gradus brevioribus cuneata, aut lateralibus longioribus sorsi cata; in quibus omnibus Re tricibus complicatis s ubeunt la ­ terales intermedi ae. VOLATILES hae, Telluris vigiles libidinoique musici; pleraeque Diurna; paucae NoƐturnae (Striges, Caprimulgi), quarum variae Notu cantant (Luscinia, Turdi) & Mane (Tetraones, Gallinacei), pleraeque inermes funt, cum Aiarum remigibus se facile in aethera recipiant ab hotibus terretribus, & Caudae retricibus aëreos diverso volatu eludant, nisi in terra negotiari necesse sit, quibus odor vel ingratus hotes arcet, vel abolitus occultat; dum aliae speculantur hostem appropinquantem indicantque aliis: Lanius, Yunx, Parra, Haematopus, Meleagris, Hirundo purpurea & c. ARMA paucis, praeter Rostrum & Ungues plerisque. Cornua Meleagridi cornutae, Palamedeae. Calcaria Pavoni, Phasiano, Tetraoni. Spinae (pollicares) Struthioni Camelo, Par ­ rae, Charadrio spinoso, Palamedeae. VENERE monogama junguntur pleraeque Aves, polygama pauciores, ut Gallinae, Anates. Illae utriusque sexus conjuntis viribus struunt nidum saepe artificiosissimum, (pendulum, natans, concameratum, argillosum, foraminosum, nullumve) uteri succedaneum, incubant sedulae ovis, (1 Alca, 2 Colymbus, 3 Larus, 4 Corvus, 5 - 8 Hirundo, pluribus Anates, Gallinae) pullos famelicae alunt (ostendendo, porrigendo, regurgitando,) fovent, curant, pro aris & focis defendunt), dum in his otientur mares. Nuptias celebrant vestitu, musica, ludibus pleraeque. MIGRATIONES annuas inter septentrionales aestivas & australes hybernas plagas arƐticae Telluris plures intituunt internuncii hi naturae, ne hyeme demergerentur boreales omnes inseƐtivorae. Sic migrant plurimi Passeres, imprimis tenuirostres, ob defeƐtum inseƐtorum; Grallae ob denegatum glacie aditum vermibus & amphibiis; Anseres ob congelatas aquas includentes pisces & c. Revocant vero easdem Dies aestatis longiores, ciborum copia, densiores vestitus, nuptiae paratae. HABITANT aliae intra Tropicos, ut Phaëton; intra Polos, Procellaria glacialis; aliae alibi, Procellaria capensis; In India orientali Paradiseae, Pavones; Africa Struthio 1, Pelecanus 1; America Palamedea, Psophia. In Pelago impennes compeditae; Mari Procellariae; Lacubus Colymbi; Fluviis Mergi; CataraƐtis Cincius; Littoribus Charadrii; Paludibus Scolopaces, Tringae; Campis Otis; Sylvis infaustus; Arboribus Passeres; Rupibus Bubo; PagisPica, Hirundo; Alpibus Turdus roseus, Emberiza nivalis. VICTUS cuique suus. Aliae Carnivorae: vorant Cadavera Accipitres, Corvi; Pisces Anseres; InseƐta Passeres tenuirotres; Larvas Cerambycum Pici; Lepidopterorum Cuculus; Ricinos Crotophaga; Oejtros Buphaga; Onifcos Cincius; Phryganeas Hirundines; Conchas Haematopus; Cancros MyƐteria, Cancroma; Squillas Recurvirostra; Lumbricos Crex. AliaePhytiphagae: viƐitant Plantis Anseres; Pomis Psittaci; Na cibus CaryocataƐtes; Nucleis Coccothrautes; StrobilisCurvirostra, Enucleator; neƐtareflorumTrochilus. OPERA; nec sine fruƐtu, peragunt sua singulae: sedentes Accipitres Cadavera auferunt, ut vivis parcant; incedentes Pic ae Quisquilias impuras vermino s asque devorant; natantes An s eres Aquarum nim i os ho s pites minuunt; vadantes Gral l ae inquirunt in Paludum animalcula; currentes Gallin ae decidua Grana le ­ gunt; s allentes Pa ss eres arbu st orum herb irumque Semina InseƐtaque carpunt; eoque varia semina Piscium, InfeƐtorum Plantarumque sae ius in remotissima loca deferunt naturae diss eminatores. Conquiruntur Ve natu; F alconaria; Aucupio ins tituuntur Falcones ad venatum, Parr ae ad pa st oritiam, Pele ­ cani ad pi s caturam, Pa ss eres ad mu s icam. Ma ns ve s cunt Gal lina, Anates, Pa ss eresque varii. In Ornithone s. Aviario co ­ luntur ob carnes, ova, plumas, pennas, pulchritudinem, s onum. HISTORIA Avium ab s olvitur De s criptione, Habitatione, Volatu, Migratione, Nuptiis, Nidificatione, Ovatione, Incubatione, Educatione, V i Ɛ t u. GNURM CharaƐteres desumendi a Rostro, Lingua, Naribus, Cera, Caruncula, reliquisque partibus denudatis. ORNITHOLOGI eminentiores in Veteres & Recentiores dispeseuntur. Veterum Bellonius 1557 & Gesnerus 1555 patres artis; horumaves collegit & auxit Aldrovandus 1599, Brasilienses novas addente Marcgravio 1648; has omnes digessit & auxit Willughby 1676, cum suoRajo 1713, iconesque varias dedit Marsiglius 1726. Recentiores vivis Coloribus nova luce illutrarunt artem: Germanicas Frischius 1734, Europaeas Albinus 1731, at rariorum novarumque Avium centuriam unam Catesby 1731, sed tres & ultracenturias eximius Edwards 1745, quibus in arte nihil pulchrius. Systematicam in formam aves reducere tentavit de Svecicis Fauna mea 1746, Systemaque Naturae 1758; omnes collegit & digeit Brissonus 1760, cui integrum exercitum & notarum & novarum obtulere labores & museum magni Reaumurii. Sic duplo plures innotuere nuper aves, indefesso studio Edwardi & Reaumurii, quam quae antea cognitae erant. ASSERVANTUR vel in Spiritu vini integrae, vel exuviis integris farƐtis aut dimidiatis gypso fixato repletis, methodo Schaefferi.

DESCRIPTION Among the recovered vertebrate remains, a total of 35 bone fragments could be attributed to birds, all small-sized, and 30 of them belonging to small passerines. Unfortunately, these bone remains lack diagnostic features allowing a more precise taxonomic ascription. Among the recovered bones is a proximal part of humerus, but its poor preservation state prevents its identification. The remaining five bones belonged to seabirds. Three fragments of pedal phalanges belonged to shearwaters (Procellariidae), and a wing phalanx and a cranial part of scapula to very small species of other families within the procellariiforms group. All the recovered bones correspond to adult individuals.

REMARKS The recovered avian fossils comprise at least six undetermined species of birds (two of seabirds and four passerines). Currently, many of the birds that make their migratory trips along the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula arrive to the Columbretes due to adverse weather conditions, particularly, with westerly winds. For this reason and despite their small surface, these islands are home to a varied ornithocenosis, made up of dozens of passerine species. They constitute also a safe place for breeding colonies of several marine species of birds (Díaz et al. 1996). It can be assumed that the avian ranges did not undergo major changes in the region during the late Holocene.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. — 58 undetermined remains (COLT- 58 to 92).

un os long sans épiphyses (MHNO. PAZ. 2011.2.80), un lot de 3 petits os longs sans épiphyses (coll. DL).

Material: 1 radius proximal fragment (Figure 3 / 4) Dimensions (in mm): radius: C — 3.1, D — 1.9, E — 1.6. Description: This proximal radius cannot be identified to species, but judging by its size and character, may belong to a species of a songbird. Location and age: Egyházasdengeleg, Late Miocene (MN 12 – 13) Material: 1 ungual phalanx (from Egyházasdengeleg) (Figure 3 / 5) Dimensions (in mm): ungual phalanx: A — 7.7, B — 5.0, C — 3.0. Location and age: Hidas, Middle Miocene (MN 7 – 8) Material: pedal phalanx II. 1 (Figure 3 / 6). Dimensions (in mm): phalanges pedis: A — 10.9, C — 3.4, E — 1.6, F — 2.8, G — 1.9, F — 4.5, G — 1.5. Location and age: Alsótelekes; Late Miocene (MN 12 – 13). Material: part ungual phalanx (Figure 3 / 7) Dimensions (in mm): A — 11.7, B — 5.1. Location and age: Alsótelekes; Late Miocene (MN 12 – 13) Material: partial manal phalanx proximalis digiti majoris (Figure 3 / 8) Dimensions (in mm): A — ca. 25.0, E — 7.2.

Cor biloculare, biauritum, Sanguine calido, rubro. Pulmones refpırantes reciproce. Maxille incumbentes, nudae, exfertœ, edentulœ. Penis fubintrans absque fcroto ovıparas crufta calcarea. Senfus Lingua, Nares, Oculi, Aures absque auriculis. Tegmenta Penna: incumbentes, imbricatœ. Fulcra: Pedes duo. Ala: duae.

REFERRED MATERIAL. — CPP 481, isolated pedal ungual phalanx lacking its proximal end (Fig. 1 A). — CPP 470, isolated pedal phalanx 1 of left digit II (Fig. 1 B). PROVENANCE. — “ Ponto 1 do Price ” (see Candeiro et al. 2008), Peirópolis locality, Uberaba, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Serra da Galga Member; Marilia Formation; Bauru Group (Fernandes & Coimbra 1996). DESCRIPTION CPP 481 is a small pedal ungual of unknown position on the pes (Fig. 1 A). The ungual is laterally compressed and dorsoventrally deep. The lateral sulcus is notorious and well defined, and is both dorsally and plantarly delimited by thin bony rims; regrettably, the eroded nature of bone surface precludes a detailed description of lateral sulci. Close to the plantar margin of the ungual there are small nutrient foramina. The proximal articular surface is dorsoventrally deep and laterally compressed, with well defined articular cotylae that are separated by a vertical and well defined ridge. The flexor tubercle is a low, rounded protuberance. CPP 470 consists of a complete, robust pedal phalanx 1 of left digit II (Fig. 1 B). It is dorsoventrally flat and transversely wide, and lacks a marked constriction of the shaft. It bears a well developed proximomedial process. In medial view, the process has a broad, circular surface for ligament attachment. The proximal articular surface is round and bordered by a small, proximodorsal rim. The distal trochlea is prominent, with the trochlear edges diverging ventrally. The trochlear rings are acute and tall, especially in the medial portion. The distal articular sulcus is deep and has a “ V ” - shaped section. The distal flexor pits are deep and bordered caudodorsally by an osseous rim.

REMARKS CPP 481 is identified as a possible pedal ungual because it shows a poorly curved blade, symmetrically arranged lateral sulci, and its proximal articular surface ellipsoidal with a well-defined median keel (see Agnolin & Martinelli 2009). Regrettably, the incomplete nature of CPP 481 does not allow to identify to which digit it belongs. CPP 481 may be identified as a bird because it differs from derived coelurosaurian dinosaurs (i. e. Dromaeosauridae Matthew & Brown, 1922, Troodontidae Gilmore, 1924, Rahonavis; Paul 2002), and resembles basal Aves in having greatly reduced flexor tubercle, such as most members of the Enanthiornithes (e. g., Soroavisaurus australis Chiappe, 1993, Neuquenornis volans Chiappe & Calvo, 1994, Sinornis santensis Sereno & Rao, 1992; Chiappe 1993; Chiappe & Calvo 1994; Sereno et al. 2002), Archaeopteryx Meyer, 1861 (Mayr et al. 2007), Zhongornis Gao et al., 2008 (Gao et al. 2008), Jeholornis Zhou & Zhang, 2002 (Zhou & Zhang 2003) and Zhongjianornis Zhou, Zhang & Li, 2010 (Zhou et al. 2009), among others. Moreover, CPP 481 also resembles birds and differs from derived coelurosaurian dinosaurs in having a relatively un-curved ungual blade. In fact, in basal birds most pedal unguals (with the single exception of the second one) show a nearly straight blade, as can be observed in some Enantiornithes and basal ornithurines (e. g., Sinornis santensis Sereno & Rao, 1992; Sereno et al. 2002), Archaeopteryx (Mayr et al. 2007), Zhongornis (Gao et al. 2008), Jeholornis (Zhou & Zhang 2002), and Zhongjianornis (Zhou et al. 2009). On the other hand, in derived deinonychosaurian coelurosaurian dinosaurs (e. g., Buitreraptor Makovicky, Apesteguía & Agnolín, 2005, Rahonavis Forster, Sampson, Chiappe & Krause, 1998, Deinonychus Ostrom, 1969, Microraptor Xu, Zhou & Wang, 2000, Troodontidae; Ostrom 1969; Rauhut & Werner 1995; Xu 2002; Makovicky et al. 2005) the ungual blade is extremely curved (Zheng et al. 2009). Both features in combination may be employed to assign CPP 481 to Aves. Within this clade, a more precise referral of the available specimen is not possible due to the poorly informative and incomplete nature of the available material. The specimen CPP 470 resembles basal birds, such as Enantiornithes, in having a subcircular distal trochlear ring, with dorsally displaced and small distal flexor pits that are ellipsoidal in contour, features that allow us to identify this element as pertaining to a bird (Agnolin & Martinelli 2009). A similar, but larger, element (MACN-PV-RN 1107) was described by Agnolin & Martinelli (2009) from the Upper Cretaceous Los Alamitos Formation of Río Negro Province, Argentina. They noted that the well developed proximomedial process and laterally expanded and dorsoventrally compressed shaft are features present in MACN-PV-RN 1107 and reminiscent of derived neornithine predatorial birds, such as Falconiformes (Agnolin & Martinelli 2009); these features are also present in CPP 470. Nevertheless, given the incomplete nature of CPP 470, we identify it only as Aves indet. Clade ORNITHOTHORACES Chiappe, 1996 cf. Enantiornithes Walker, 1981

AVES. AEREAE vocales Volucres pulcherrimae, Mandibulis protractis nudis, Corpore pennis imbricato, Alis duabus pennatis volitantes bipedes dignoscuntur. AVES levissimae modicae magnitudinis, tectae pennis plumisque, destitutae Auriculis, Labiis, Cauda, Scroto, Dentibus, Utero, Epiglottide, Fornice, Corpore calloso, Diaphragmate. PENNAE avibus propriae imbricatim in quincuncem dispositae, interstinctae Plumis, distinctae a Remigibus Rectricibusque, omnes, e basi cylindro concavo vasi lymphaticis simili, elongatae bifariam radiis parallelis approximatis distinctis itidem pinnatis. Colore ludunt, sed variant aetate, sexu, tempestate; constantiores Remiges & Rectrices, quae attente notandae. (*) OVA his, animalibus communia (pag. 9. n. 3.) numero diversis vario, sed majora pro mora exclusionis siccae, semper putamine calcareo obtecta, incubatu calido excludenda plerumque Parentis. DIVIDITUR Avium corpus in Caput, Truncum, Artus. CAPUT impositum Collo elongato, erectiusculo, teretiusculo. Mandibulae nudae, edentulae, exporrectae in Rostrum corneum, Naribus pertusum, basi quibusdam Cera nuda vestitum, Vibrissis pectinatim digestis ad faucis exterioris margines. Lingua carnosa, cartilaginea, emarginata, lacera, ciliata, integra s. acuta. Oculi laterales palpebris, Membranaque nictitante. Aures truncatae absque auriculis Ornamenta verticis e Crista pennacea s. Caruncula frontis gulaeve. TRUNCUS ovatus constans Dorso coadunato macro, subtus Sterno magno carinato musculosissimo, Claviculis coadunatis in Furcam, Abdomine minore postice sub uropygio perforato ano, genitalibus communi. ARTUS comprehendunt Alas, Caudam, Pedes. Alae 2 ex Brachio & Cubito manibus privato constant, quae postice fornicato-ciliatae Pennis Remigibus: exterioribus Primoribus Cubiti, posterioribus Secundariis brachii, ala notha supplente rudimentum Pollicis. Hae remiges proxime teguntur Tectricibus alarum proximis & ultra. Cauda ex Uropygio cordato, gemina glandula foeto, supra pertuso, poro penicillo cincto, ambitu ciliato Pennis Rectricibus saepius 12: pede longioribus in Macrouris, brevioribus in Brachyuris, suntque vel aequales (C. integra), vel ad latera breviores (cuneata), vel ad latera longiores (forficata). Pedes 2, ex Femore, Tibia, Digitis & Unguibus. Femora carnosa, pennis tecta, sed seminuda in Grallis. Tibiae tendinosae, plerisque nudae, angustae, rarius hirsutae, paucis Calcari postice cornutae. Digitis pedes insistentes saepius 4, anterioribus plerisque tribus, pollice unico postico, nisi in scandentibus digitis anticis duobus totidemque posticis, vel cursoriis absque postico. Fissi sunt & distincti Digiti in plerisque terrestribus (Fissipedes); semipalmati in palustribus; membranis vel Lobati, aut membrana toti Palmati (Palmipedes) in natantibus. Unguibus instruuntur Digiti plerumque, rarius posticus absque articulo est. VOLATILIA haec, Telluris vigiles libidinosique musici, plerumque inermia sunt, cum Alarum remigibus se facile in aethera recipiant ab hostibus terrestribus, & Caudae rectricibus a � reos diverso volatu eludant, nisi in terra negotiari necesse sit, dum odor vel ingratus hostes arcet, vel abolitus occultat; dum aliae speculantur hostemque appropinquantem indicantque aliis. ARMA paucis: Cornua Meleagridi cornutae, Anhimae. Calcaria Pavoni, Phasiano. Spinae (axillares) Struthione Camelo, Fulicae spinosae, Charadrio spinosi, Anhimae. VENERE monogama junguntur pleraeque Aves, polygama pauciores, ut Gallinae, Anates. Illae utriusque sexus conjunctis viribus struunt nidum saepe artificiosissimum, uteri succedaneum, incubant sedulae ovis, pullos famelicae alunt, fovent, curant, pro aris & focis defendunt (*), dum in his otientur mares. MIGRATIONES annuas inter septentrionales aestivas & australes hybernas plagas arcticae Telluris instituunt non paucae, ne hyeme demergerentur boreales omnes apud nos insectivorae; sic migrant plurimi Passeres, inprimis tenuirostres ob desectum insectorum; Grallae ob denegatum glacie aditum vermibus & amphibiis; Anseres ob congelatas aquas includentes pisces & c. Revocant vero easdem Dies aestatis longiores, ciborum copia, densiores, vestitus, nuptiae paratae. OPERA nec sine fructu peragunt sua singulae: sedentes Accipitres cadavera auferunt, ut vivis parcant; incedentes Picae quisquilias impuras verminosasque devorant; natantes Anseres aquarum nimios hospites minuunt; vadantes Grallae inquirunt in paludum animalcula; currentes Gallinae decidua Grana legunt; salientes Passeres arbustarum herbarumque semina insectaque carpunt; eoque varia semina Piscium, Insectorum Plantarumque saepius in remotissima loca serunt. Conquiruntur venatu, Falconaria; Aucupio instituuntur Falcones ad venatum, Diomedeae ad piscaturam, Passeres ad Musicam. Mansuescunt Gallinae, Anates, Passeresque varii: in ornithone s. Aviario coluntur ob carnes, ova, plumas, pennas, pulchritudinem, sonum. Asservantur exuviae, siccatae, spiritu contentae. ORNITHOLOGI eminent inter veteres Bellonius, Gesnerus, Aldrovandus; inter recentiores Willugbaeus; inter recentissimos Marsigli, Albinus, Seba, Catesbaeus, eximiusque Edwardus. Systematici Rajus, Barrere, Kleinius, Moehringius. ORDINUM Characteres. I. ACCIPITRES. Rostrum (Uncus trahens) subincurvatum: Mandibula superiore pone apicem utrinque dente armata: Naribus patulis. Pedes insidentes, breves, robusti: Digitis sub geniculis verrucosis; Unguibus arcuatis, acutissimis. Corpus capite Colloque musculosis; Cute tenaci. Impurum. Victus: Laniena rapinaque e cadaveribus. Nidus in altis; Ova circiter 4; Femina praestantior; Monogamia. II. PICAE. Rostrum (Cuneus sarriens) cultratum dorso convexo. Pedes ambulantes, breves, validiusculi. Corpus tenaciusculum, Impurum. Victus e Quisquiliis. Nidus in Arboribus; Mas alens feminam incubantem; Monogamia. III. ANSERES. Rostrum (Cribrum colans) laeve, epidermide tectum, apice auctum. Pedes natatorii digitis membrana palmatis; Tibiis compressis, brevibus. Corpus pingue, Cute tenaci, Plumis praestantioribus. Rancescens. Victus in Aquis ex plantis, piscibus, & c. Nidus saepius terrestris; Mater non porrigit pullis; frequentius Polygamia. IV. GRALLAE. Rostrum (Bacillus tentans) subcylindricum. Pedes vadantes Femoribus seminudis. Corpus compressum pelle tenuissima; Cauda brevi. Sapidum. Victus in Paludibus ex Animalculis. Nidus in terra saepius; Nuptiis variis. V. GALLINAE. Rostrum (Harpa colligens) convexum: Mandibula superiore fornicata supra inferiorem; Naribus membrana cartilaginea fornicatis. Pedes cursorii Digitis subtus scabris. Corpus sebaceum, musculosum. Purum. Victus e Granis in ingluvie macerandis. Pulveratrices. Nidus in Terra absque arte. Ovis numerosis. Pullis cibus demonstrandus. Polygamia. VI. PASSERES. Rostrum (Forceps excipiens) conico-acuminatum. Pedes salientes, teneri, fissi. Corpus tenellum: Granivoris Purum. Insectivoris Impurum. Victus e Seminibus aut Insectis. Nidus artificiosus; Pullis cibus inculcandus. Monogamia. CHARACTERES AVIUM. I. ACCIPITRES. 40. Vultur Rostrum aduncum. Caput denudatum. 41. Falco Rostrum aduncum basi Cera tectum. 42. Strix Rostrum aduncum basi Setis tectum. 43. Lanius Rostrum rectiusculum. II. PICAE. * Digitis anticis 2, posticis 2. 44. Psittacus Lingua carnosa. Mandibula superior adunca. 45. Ramphastos Lingua pennacea. Mandibula superior inanis. 52 Cuculus Lingua cartilaginea. Mandibula superior naribus marginatis. 53. Jynx Lingua lumbriciformis. Mandibula superior teretiuscula. 54. Picus Lingua lumbriciformis. Mandibula superior prismatica. * Digitis anticis 3, postico 1. Lingua mcisa. 48. Corvus Mandibula superior cultrata basi setis tecta. 49. Coracias Mandibula superior cultrata basi nuda. 55. Sitta Rostrum porrectum, rectum. 57. Merops Rostrum arcuatum, carinatum. 60. Trochilus Rostrum filiforme, capite longius. * Digitis anticis 3, postico 1, Lingua integra. 46. Buceros Mandibula superior fronte osseo-gibbosa. 47. Crotophaga Mandibula superior compressa, infracta, transverse sulcata. 50. Gracula Mandibula superior compressa, laevis, basi nuda. 51. Paradisea Mandibula superior ad medium usque plu- moso-holosericea. 56 Alcedo Mandibula superior angulata. Lingua brevissima. 58. Upupa Rostrum arcuatum. Lingua obtusa. 59. Certhia Rostrum arcuatum. Lingua acuta. III. ANSERES. * Rostro apice unguiculato. 61. Anas Nares ovales. Dentes lamellosi. 62. Mergus Nares ovales. Dentes subulati. 64. Procellaria Nares in cylindrum connatae. 65. Diomedea Nares subcylindricae, distantes. 66. Pelecanus Nares lineares. Facies nuda. Pedes Digitis omnibus palmatis. * Rostro apice simplici. 67. Ph � ethon Rostrum cultrato-subulatum, fauce ampliore. Pedes Digitis 4 anticis. 63. Alca Rostrum transverse fasciatum. Pedes absque postico.

Definition. Following Padian and Chiappe (1998), and in contrast to Gauthier (1986), Aves are defined here with their fossil stem-group representatives included. Thus, Aves may be defined as Archaeopteryx and Neornithes, and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor.

Diagnosis. Asymmetric, aerodynamic contour feathers; humerus longer than femur; radius longer than humerus.

Remarks. Birds are the only living group of dinosaurs. More than 9000 extant species of birds are known, and our knowledge of their fossil history is increasing rapidly. In 1960, Brodkorb estimated the total number of bird species that have existed as more than 1 - 5 million; of course, such estimates are rather speculative, but they might give an idea of the disparity in taxonomic diversity between this OTU and others. Unfortunately, improved knowledge of the anatomy of advanced theropods and the discovery of connecting links has made a formal diagnosis of Aves increasingly difficult, since the acquisition of avian characters in theropod evolution was gradual. The matter is further complicated by the high diversity of birds; the characters listed in the diagnosis above are lost in many avian lineages, and the first reversals might have occurred soon after the origin of this group (see Chiappe 1995; Chiappe et al. 1996; Padian and Chiappe 1998). However, it is assumed here that flight arose only once in birds, and it is the main diagnostic feature of this group, as expressed by aerodynamic feathers and forelimb proportions. Following Chiappe et al. (1996) and Novas (1996 Z?), alvarezsaurids are regarded here as basal birds (see Sereno, 1999, for an alternative view) and are thus not treated as a separate OTU. Since Archaeopteryx (Text-fig. 5 f) is the most basal bird (Chiappe 1995), character codings are mainly based on this taxon; only if character states cannot be determined in Archaeopteryx is information from other basal birds used, mainly Rahonavis (UA 8656; Forster et al. 1998), Confuciusomis (GPI, JM, three unnumbered specimens), Hesperomis, and Ichthyornis (Marsh 1880; Elzanowski 1991).

Temporal range. Tithonian-Recent. Distribution. Global.

Description: Mayr (2002) identified six morphological synapomorphies of Daedalornithes: (i) os palatinum with greatly protruding angulus caudolateralis; (ii) processus basipterygoidei reduced; (iii) pneumatic foramina on the caudal surface of the processus oticus; (iv) extremitas omalis of coracoid hooked and processus lateralis greatly reduced; (v) musculus splenius capitis with cruciform origin; (vi) caeca absent. Mayr et al. (2003) identified two additional morphological synapomorphies: (vii) processus terminalis ischii of pelvis very narrow and slender, touching pubis at an angle of 45 – 90 °, fenestra ischiopubica very wide; (viii) musculus fibularis longus absent. They identified character (v) as an unambiguous synapomorphy and characters (iii), (iv) and (vi) to (viii) as synapomorphies that, although not unique to Daedalornithes, are optimized in their phylogenetic analysis as independently derived in the common ancestor of this clade.

Definition: The name Daedalornithes, as defined here, refers to the least inclusive clade comprising Aegotheles cristatus (White) and Apus apus (Linnaeus). Aegotheles cristatus and Apus apus are selected as reference taxa because these are the type species of Aegotheles and Apus, respectively, on which the names Aegothelidae, and Apodidae and Apodiformes, respectively, are based. The definition is based on the principles of phylogenetic taxonomy (de Queiroz & Gauthier 1992). Use of two reference taxa, an owlet­nightjar and a swift, guarantees that the name always refers to a monophyletic group that minimally includes Aegotheles owlet­nightjars and Apus swifts. Because the definition refers to the least inclusive (i. e. smallest) monophyletic group specified by these two taxa, it excludes all taxa that are placed outside this clade. A node­ rather than a stem­based definition of Daedalornithes is selected because its sister­taxon is not resolved (see below), as recommended by Sereno (1999).

Taxonomic content: Based on current knowledge (Mayr 2002; Mayr et al. 2003; Cracraft et al. 2004), the name Daedalornithes refers to a clade that, among extant taxa, only includes Aegothelidae (owlet­nightjars), Hemiprocnidae (tree swifts), Apodidae (swifts) and Trochilidae (hummingbirds). The extinct Scaniacypselus, Jungornis, Argornis and Parargornis are not currently regarded as (crown­group) members of Aegothelidae, Hemiprocnidae, Apodidae or Trochilidae but are part of Daedalornithes based on phylogenetic analysis or the possession of shared derived characters (see Mayr & Manegold 2002; Mayr 2003 a, 2003 b). The position of the extinct Aegialornis and Eocypselus relative to Aegothelidae, Apodiformes and Podargidae and, hence their inclusion in Daedalornithes, is unresolved (Mayr 2003 a). Two other extinct taxa, Laputavis and Primapus, were included in Apodiformes by Dyke (2001) but the relationships suggested in this study are considered to be doubtful due to problems with character coding (Mayr 2001). Phylogenetic relationships: The relationships of Daedalornithes with other birds are as yet unresolved. A morphological study (Mayr 2002) suggested that Daedalornithes is the sister­group of (Nyctibiiidae + Caprimulgidae). This study included only eight ingroup taxa and was therefore not designed to exclude other taxa as potential sister­groups of Daedalornithes. Analysis of an expanded data set (Mayr et al. 2003) also identified (Nyctibiidae + Caprimulgidae) as the sister taxon of Daedalornithes but bootstrap support for this grouping was less than 50 %. Maximum Parsimony analysis of DNA sequences of three nuclear genes placed Daedalornithes in an unresolved polytomy with Passeriformes and numerous non­passerine groups. Bayesian analysis of the same molecular data set identified Podargidae as the sister taxon of Daedalornithes but with low posterior probability (58 %). Combined analysis of morphological and molecular data sets placed Daedalornithes in an unresolved trichotomy with Nyctibiidae and Caprimulgidae, again with low support (50 %). A study based on the nuclear gene c­myc (Harshman, Braun & Huddleston in Cracraft et al. 2004) suggested that Trogonidae is the sister­group of Daedalornithes but bootstrap support was not indicated. Two other studies (summarized in Cracraft et al. 2004) could not resolve the sister­group of Daedalornithes. Daedalornithes is therefore best considered as incertae sedis among the ‘ higher land bird’ assemblage. Taxonomic sequence: Due to the unresolved relationships among ‘ higher land birds’, no changes are warranted in the position of Daedalornithes in linear sequences. Thus, I suggest that Daedalornithes is listed after Steatornithidae, Nyctibiidae and Caprimulgidae (cf Dickinson 2003). To reflect their phylogenetic relationships, the taxa included in Daedalornithes are best arranged in the following sequence: Aegothelidae, Hemiprocnidae, Apodidae, Trochilidae.

Etymology: The clade is named after Daedalus, the Greek mythological figure who fabricated wings and improved these until these allowed him and his son Icarus to soar upwards into the air. The name is appropriate in view of the great flight capabilities that evolved within the clade.