Sarax
Simon, 1892
GBIF:2181406
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Descriptions(18)
Genus Sarax Simon, 1892
Key to the identification of the species of Sarax in Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and China modified from Miranda et al. (2021b)
1. Median eyes absent................................................................................ 2
- Median eyes present................................................................................ 3
2. Lateral eyes reduced; tibia of leg I with more than 28 articles; leg I tarsus with more than 58 articles....... S. omanensis
- Lateral eyes absent; tibia of leg I with 21 articles; leg I tarsus with 35 articles..................... S. stygochthobius
3. Pedipalp tarsus with one spine........................................................................ 4
- Pedipalp tarsus with two spines........................................................................5
4. Pedipalp femur with three dorsal spines; pedipalp patella with five dorsal spines; female gonopods finger-like............................................................................................... S. cochinensis
- Pedipalp femur with four dorsal spines; pedipalp patella with four dorsal spines; female gonopods plunger-like.............................................................................................. S. dhofarensis
5. Cheliceral claw with twelve teeth; leg IV basitibia with two pseudo-articles.......................... S. socotranus
- Cheliceral claw with fewer than ten teeth; leg IV basitibia with three or four pseudo-articles....................... 6
6. Leg IV basitibia with three pseudo-articles...............................................................7
- Leg IV basitibia with four pseudo-articles...............................................................11
7. Cheliceral claw with four teeth; tibia of leg I with 23 articles; leg I tarsus with 39 articles................ S. bispinosus
- Cheliceral claw with more than four teeth; tibia of leg I with fewer than 23 articles; leg I tarsus with fewer than 39 articles.......................................................................................... 8
8. Pedipalp patella with two ventral spines......................................................... S. abbatei
- Pedipalp patella with three ventral spines............................................................... 9
9. Median and lateral eyes reduced............................................................. S. pakistanus
- Median and lateral eyes well developed............................................................... 10
10. Pedipalp patella with small ventral setiferous tubercle between spine I and distal margin................ S. bengalensis
- Pedipalp patella with long ventral spine between spine I and distal margin, half the size of spine I.......... S. sinensis
11. Pedipalp patella with four dorsal spines............................................................... 12
- Pedipalp patella with five dorsal spines................................................................ 14
12. Female gonopod absent (flat)............................................................. S. seychellarum
- Female gonopod present........................................................................... 13
13. Female gonopod conspicuous and almost conical.................................................. S. yunnan
- Female gonopod conspicuous and almost clavate............................................. S. quinquespinus
14. Pedipalp femur with five dorsal spines and five ventral spines..................................... S. ioanniticus
- Pedipalp femur with four dorsal spines and four ventral spines.................................... S. israelensis
Key to the identification of the species of Sarax in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia, modified from Miranda et al. (2021b)
1. Median eyes absent.................................................................................... 2
- Median eyes present................................................................................... 3
2. Lateral eyes reduced; tibia of leg I with more than 28 articles; leg I tarsus with more than 58 articles.......... S. omanensis
- Lateral eyes absent; tibia of leg I with 21 articles; leg I tarsus with 35 articles......................... S. stygochthobius
3. Pedipalp tarsus with one spine........................................................................... 4
- Pedipalp tarsus with two spines...........................................................................5
4. Pedipalp femur with three dorsal spines; pedipalp patella with five dorsal spines; female gonopods finger-like.. S. cochinensis
- Pedipalp femur with four dorsal spines; pedipalp patella with four dorsal spines; female gonopods plunger-like..................................................................................................... S. dhofarensis
5. Cheliceral claw with twelve teeth; leg IV basitibia with two pseudo-articles............................. S. socotranus
- Cheliceral claw with fewer than ten teeth; leg IV basitibia with three or four pseudo-articles.......................... 6
6. Leg IV basitibia with three pseudo-articles................................................................. 7
- Leg IV basitibia with four pseudo-articles..................................................................11
7. Cheliceral claw with four teeth; tibia of leg I with 23 articles; leg I tarsus with 39 articles................... S. bispinosus
- Cheliceral claw with more than four teeth; tibia of leg I with fewer than 23 articles; leg I tarsus with fewer than 39 articles.. 8
8. Pedipalp patella with two ventral spines............................................................ S. abbatei
- Pedipalp patella with three ventral spines.................................................................. 9
9. Median and lateral eyes reduced................................................................ S. pakistanus
- Median and lateral eyes well developed................................................................... 10
10. Pedipalp patella with small ventral setiferous tubercle between spine I and distal margin................... S. bengalensis
- Pedipalp patella with long ventral spine between spine I and distal margin, half the size of spine I.............. S. sinensis
11. Pedipalp patella with four dorsal spines....................................................................12
- Pedipalp patella with five dorsal spines................................................................... 13
12. Female gonopod absent (flat)................................................................ S. seychellarum
- Female gonopod obvious and almost conical.................................................. S. yunnan sp. nov.
13. Pedipalp femur with five dorsal spines and five ventral spines........................................ S. ioanniticus
- Pedipalp femur with four dorsal spines and four ventral spines....................................... S. israelensis
Key to the identification of the species of Sarax in Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia revised from Miranda et al. (2021b)
1. Median eyes absent.................................................................................... 2
- Median eyes present................................................................................... 3
2. Lateral eyes reduced; tibia of leg I with more than 28 articles; leg I tarsus with more than 58 articles............................................................................ S. omanensis (Delle Cave, Gardner & Weygoldt, 2009)
- Lateral eyes absent; tibia of leg I with 21 articles; leg I tarsus with 35 articles.................................................................................................. S. stygochthobius (Weygoldt & Van Damme, 2004)
3. Pedipalp tarsus with one spine........................................................................... 4
- Pedipalp tarsus with two spines.......................................................................... 5
4. Pedipalp femur with three dorsal spines; pedipalp patella with five dorsal spines; female gonopods finger-like........................................................................................ S. cochinensis (Gravely, 1915)
- Pedipalp femur with four dorsal spines; pedipalp patella with four dorsal spines; female gonopods plunger-like.......................................................................... S. dhofarensis (Weygoldt, Pohl & Polak, 2002)
5. Cheliceral claw with twelve teeth; leg IV basitibia with two pseudo-articles... S. socotranus (Weygoldt, Pohl & Polak, 2002)
- Cheliceral claw with fewer than ten teeth; leg IV basitibia with three or four pseudo-articles.......................... 6
6. Leg IV basitibia with three pseudo-articles................................................................. 7
- Leg IV basitibia with four pseudo-articles................................................................. 11
7. Cheliceral claw with four teeth; tibia of leg I with 23 articles; leg I tarsus with 39 articles........ S. bispinosus (Nair, 1934)
- Cheliceral claw with more than four teeth; tibia of leg I with fewer than 23 articles; leg I tarsus with fewer than 39 articles...8
8. Pedipalp patella with two ventral spines............................................ S. abbatei (Delle Cave, 1986)
- Pedipalp patella with three ventral spines.................................................................. 9
9. Median and lateral eyes reduced................................................ S. pakistanus (Weygoldt, 2005)
- Median and lateral eyes well developed................................................................... 10
10. Pedipalp patella with small ventral setiferous tubercle between spine I and distal margin.... S. bengalensis (Gravely, 1911)
- Pedipalp patella with long ventral spine between spine I and distal margin, half the size of spine I...... S. sinensis sp. nov.
11. Pedipalp patella with four dorsal spines; female gonopod ‘absent’ (flat)............... S. seychellarum (Kraepelin, 1898)
- Pedipalp patella with five dorsal spines; female gonopods finger-like........................................... 11
12. Pedipalp femur with five dorsal spines and five ventral spines.......................... S. ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959)
- Pedipalp femur with four dorsal spines and four ventral spines..................... S. israelensis (Miranda et al., 2016)
Key to the species of Sarax species from Borneo
1. Anterior margin of carapace rounded; median eye tubercle well-developed or reduced in size; pedipalpal patella with 4 spines, P1 the longest, and subsequent spines decreasing in size from distal to proximal; pedipalpal tarsus with 2 or 3 spines; tibia of leg IV with 17 or 19 trichobothria ..................................................................................... 2
- Anterior margin of carapace slightly rounded, nearly straight (Fig. 1); median eye tubercle reduced in size; pedipalpal patella with 3 spines, about equal in size (Fig. 4); pedipalpal tarsus with 3 spines (Fig. 5); tibia of leg IV with 19 trichobothria (Fig. 6) ........................................................................................................... Sarax cavernicola sp. nov.
2. Pedipalpal patella with 4 major spines on antero-dorsal and 4 or 3 major spines on pedipalpal femur; pedipalpal tarsus with 2 or 3 spines; tibia leg IV with 19 trichobothria ............................................................................................. 3
- Pedipalpal patella with 4 major spines on antero-dorsal and 3 major spines on pedipalpal femur (Fig. 16); pedipalpal tarsus with 2 minute spines (Fig. 18); tibia of leg IV with 17 trichobothria (Fig. 20).................................................... ................................................................................................................................ Sarax sarawakensis (Thorell 1888)
3. Pedipalpal tarsus with 2 spines; trichobothrium bt on the middle or close to distal fourth basitibial segmenttrichobothrium bc closer to bf than to sbf or about midway between bf and sbf; with or without sexual dimorphism ............. 4
- Pedipalpal tarsus with 3 spines (Figs. 11, 13); trichobothrium bt close to distal fourth basitibial segment, trichobothrium bc about midway between bf and sbf (Fig. 12); with distinct sexual dimorphism ............ Sarax yayukae sp. nov.
4. With distinct sexual dimorphism; median eye tubercle completely divided into two parts (Fig. 26); trichobothrium bt close to proximal fourth basitibial segment, trichobothrium bc about midway between bf and sbf (Fig. 29)................ .................................................................................................................................................... Sarax mardua sp. nov.
- Without sexual dimorphism; median eye tubercle high, black and well-developed, not divided into two parts (Fig. 21); trichobothrium bt on the middle of fourth basitibial segment; trichobothrium bc closer to bf than to sbf (Fig. 25) ................................................................................................................................... Sarax sangkulirangensis sp. nov.
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Matching names from other GBIF-indexed checklists and datasets.
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Media Files(50)
Fig. 11. Charinidae Quintero, 1986, chelicerae, prolateral and retrolateral views. A–B. Charinus milloti Fage, 1939 (MNHN). C–D. Sarax cochinensis (Gravely, 1915) (AMCC [LP 13118]). E–F. Charinus longipes Weygoldt, 2006 (MNHN). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Fig. 103. Map plotting known distributions of species of Sarax Simon, 1892 in Southeast Asia and Oceania, with insets for Singapore (A), eastern Borneo (B), and western West Papua (C).
Fig. 104. Sarax batuensis Roewer (1962) (SMF), general morphology, ♀. A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Sternum, ventral view. C. Pedipalp, dorsal view. D. Pedipalp, ventral view. Scale bars: A, C–D = 1 mm; B = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 105. Sarax bilua sp. nov. (AMCC [LP 5564]), general morphology, ♀. A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Sternum, ventral view. C. Frontal process. D. Pedipalp tarsus, frontal view. E. Pedipalp, dorsal view. F. Pedipalp, ventral view. Scale bars: A, E–F = 1 mm; B–D = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 106. Sarax bilua sp. nov. (AMCC [LP 5564]), female gonopod and genital operculum. A. Plungerlike gonopod, dorsal view. B. Posterior margin of genital operculum, ventral view. C. Gonopods, posterior view. D. Genital operculum between gonopods. E. Glandular openings on margin of genital operculum. F. Inside gonopod projection.
Fig. 107. Sarax bilua sp. nov. (AMCC [LP 5564]), antenniform leg I, ♀. A. Apex of distal article of tarsus showing claw and tarsal organ, lateral view. B. Claw and tarsal organ, frontal view. C. Tarsal organ. D. Rod sensilla and setae.
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CITATIONS
References(9)
Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 61
Brands, S. J. (compiler). (1989-2005). Systema Naturae 2000. Amsterdam, The Netherlands (2006 version). Originally available online at http://sn2000.taxonomy.nl/; for current information, refer http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/ProjectDescription.aspx .
Hallan, J. (2000-2017). Biology Catalog (2012 version), http://bug.tamu.edu/research/collection/hallan/ (as at 2012).
Miranda, Gustavo Silva de, Alessandro P. L. Giupponi, Lorenzo Prendini, and Nikolaj Scharff, 2021: Systematic revision of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Arachnida, Amblypygi). European Journal of Taxonomy, vol. 772. 1-409.
Neave, S. A. and successors. (1939-2004). Nomenclator Zoologicus, vols. 1-10 online. [developed by uBio, hosted online at MBLWHOI Library]. Previously at http://ubio.org/NomenclatorZoologicus/ (URL no longer current).