Sphendononema guildingii

Distribution. Sphendononema guildingii is a widespread and common species in Central and South America, as well as the West Indies. It is distributed from Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama, Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Saint Vincent, Trinidad, Guyana, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay (Brölemann 1900, 1909; Chamberlin 1921, 1946; Gervais 1859; Ribaut 1912; Stoev & Geoffroy 2004; Würmli 1978). In Colombia S. guildingii was known from “ San Lorenzo ”, probably in the Province of Magdalena (Chamberlin 1921); from Donama and Santa Marta, also from the Province of Magdalena (Brölemann 1900, 1909); Pearl Island; San Jose Island (Chamberlin 1946); Guaduas, located in the department of Cundinamarca (Ribaut 1912); and generically from “ Nouvelle-Granade ” (Gervais 1844 a, 1859). Altitudinal range. 60 to 2200 m.

Material examined. ICN-M. Ch- 0207, 2 specimens, Cauca, San Andres de Pisimbala, Parque Arqueologico de Tierradentro-Alto de Segovia (Hipogeo 12 s- 12), 16 - XII- 2009; ICN-M. Ch- 0208, 1 specimen, Putumayo, F. Gast, IV- 1998, 780 m, Colecta Manual; ICN-M. Ch- 0209, 2 specimens, Caquetá, Parque Nacional Picachos-Cueva el Indio, Yaneth Muñoz, 2 - XI- 1997, 1300 m; ICN-M. Ch- 0210, 1 specimen, Santander, San Jose de Suaita, G. Amat, 6 - III- 1999, 1800 m; ICN-M. Ch- 0211, 2 specimens, Tolima, Icononzo, P. Garcia, 25 - X- 1975, 1300 m; ICN-M. Ch- 0212, 1 specimen, Cauca, San Andres de Pisimbala, Parque Arqueologico de Tierradentro-Alto de San Andres (Hipogeo 6), 17 - XII- 2009; ICN-M. Ch- 0213, 1 specimen, Santander, Aratoca, Vda. Barinas, V- 2011; ICN-M. Ch- 0214, 1 specimen, Cundinamarca, Zipacon, Vda. Cartagena, D. Luna, 5 - IX- 2010, Colecta Manual (diurna), Bajo piedra, borde de carretera destapada; ICN-M. Ch- 0215, 1 specimen, Meta, Serranía de la Macarena, Puerto Marimba, Rio Duda, A. Calixto, VI- 1994; ICN-M. Ch- 0216, 2 specimens, Nariño, Barbacoas, Altaquer reserva rio Ñambi, E. Flórez y Estudiantes Tax. Animal, 9 - X- 2009, 1440 m; ICN-M. Ch- 0217, 1 specimen, Nariño, Barbacoas, Altaquer reserva rio Ñambi, E. Flórez y Estudiantes Tax., 9 - X – 2009, 1440 m; ICN-M. Ch- 0248, 1 specimen, Cundinamarca, La Vega Vda. El Cural, M. Medrano, 03 - IV- 2006, 2012 – 1200 m; IAVH, 1 specimen, Caquetá, Solano, Chiribiquete, M. Ospina & E. González, 10 - 12 - XI- 2000, 300 m, 0 º 31 ' 03 '' N 72 º 38 ' 27,7 '' W, Bosque Verde Manzana, Rio Cuñare; IAVH, 1 specimen, Norte de Santander, Cucutilla, Vda. Carrizal, E. Gonzales, A. Pulido & A. Santamaría, 26 – 28 - III- 2000, 2040 – 2200 m, 07 º 28 ' 28 '' N 72 º 50 ' 11 '' W Bosque Quercus humboldti, Sector Sisavita, Qda. Poveda; IAVH, 1 specimen, without specific locality, E. Gonzales, 19 - IX- 1998, 1000 m, Territorio Kofan; IAVH, 1 specimen, Boyacá, Zetiquera, L. E. Franco; MNRJ, 2 specimens, Tolima, Ibagué, A. Giupponi, viii. 2006, Pt 6 and Pt 3; MNRJ, 1 specimen, Valle del Cauca, Dagua El Salto, A. Giupponi, viii. 2006, Pt 5; MPUJ _ ENT 0001043, MPUJ-CHI- 0040, 1 specimen, Cundinamarca, La Vega, Gustavo Perez, 1230 m, 5 ° 0 ' 0 '' N – 74 ° 21 ' 0 '' W; MPUJ _ ENT 0001044, MPUJ-CHI- 0041, 1 specimen, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Altamira: Club Los Llaneros, 20 / 10 / 2006, 140 m, 4 ° 23 ' 55.49 " N, 72 ° 4 ' 57.47 " O; MPUJ _ ENT 0001045 (MPUJ-CHI- 0042), 1 specimen, Valle, Buenaventura, Bajo Calima, 20 / 04 / 1995, 70 m, 3 ° 59 ' 47 '' N – 76 ° 58 ' 28 '' W; MPUJ _ ENT 0001046 (MPUJ-CHI- 0043), 1 specimen, Chocó, Acandi, Capurganá: Jardin botanico del Darien, A. Vergara, 12 / 04 / 2008, 8 ° 37 ' 50,52 '' N – 77 ° 21 ' 07.81 '' W; MPUJ _ ENT 0001047 (MPUJ-CHI- 0044), 1 specimen, Chocó, Acandi, Capurganá: los Girasoles, D. Sanches, 16 / 10 / 2009, 250 m; MPUJ _ ENT 0001048 (MPUJ-CHI- 0045), 1 specimen, Chocó, Acandi, Capurganá: Vereda Los Ríos, D. Sanches, 22 / 04 / 2007, 250 m, MPUJ _ ENT 0001049 (MPUJ-CHI- 0046), 1 specimen, Tolima, Cunday, Vereda El Edén, A. Ortiz, 10 / 10 / 1999, 450 m, 4 ° 28 ' 44 '' N – 74 ° 58 ' 15 '' W; MPUJ _ ENT 0001050 (MPUJ-CHI- 0047), 1 specimen, Chocó, Acandi, Capurganá: Camino a Los Ríos, A. Vergara, 10 / 04 / 2008, 260 m; MPUJ _ ENT 0001051 (MPUJ-CHI- 0048), 1 specimen, Santander, Puerto Arango, Finca Los Manantiales, Felipe V., 09 / 04 / 2000, 130 m; MPUJ _ ENT 0001052 (MPUJ-CHI- 0049), 1 specimen, Meta, Puerto Gaitán, Altamira: Club Los Llaneros, V. Fajardo y N. Ramirez, 21 / 10 / 2006, 140 m, 4 ° 23 ' 55.49 " N – 72 ° 4 ' 57.47 " O; MPUJ _ ENT 0001053 (MPUJ-CHI- 0050), 1 specimen, Acandí, Capurganá, Jardín Botánico del Darién, P. Amalla, 27 / 03 / 2009, 140 m, 8 ° 37 ' 50,52 '' N – 77 ° 21 ' 07.81 '' W; MPUJ _ ENT 0001054 (MPUJ-CHI- 0051), 1 specimen, Santander, Hacienda El Manantial, Mola, 01 / 04 / 2000, 135 m; MPUJ _ ENT 0001055 (MPUJ-CHI- 0052), 1 specimen, Chocó, Acandi, Capurgana: Jardin Botanico del Darien, A. Vergara, 13 / 04 / 2008, 60 m, 8 ° 37 ' 50,52 '' N – 77 ° 21 ' 07.81 '' W; MPUJ _ ENT 0001056 (MPUJ-CHI- 0053), 1 specimen, Acandí, Capurganá, Jardín Botánico del Darién, N. Lidulin, 09 / 04 / 2008, 8 ° 37 ' 50,52 '' N – 77 ° 21 ' 07.81 '' W.

Conservation. Despite its wide distribution, the species is under threat because mining and / or hydroelectrical projects are affecting numerous cave habitats (e. g., in Para and Minas Gerais states). Combined with their low-medium abundance and the lack of ecological or molecular studies, protection for this species should be considered.

Distribution. This species is widespread in Brazil, found in almost all states, except Parana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. Classified as a troglophile, S. guildingii was observed in limestone, quartzitic, sandstone, and iron ore caves.

Material examined. PARA: Parauapebas (Equatorial Rainforest and " Campos Rupestres "), Iron Ore: Gruta N 5 E 02, Gruta N 5 E 09, Gruta N 5 S 20, (MNRJ) 4 spec, 22. iii- 03. iv. 2005, Andrade, R. & Arnone, IS; Gruta N 5 S 02, Gruta N 5 S 06, (MNRJ) 4 spec, 03 - 13. v. 2005, Andrade, R. & Arnone, I; Gruta S 11 C 14, Gruta S 11 D 96, Gruta S 11 D 01, Gruta S 11 B 49, Gruta S 11 B 23, Gruta S 11 D 12, Gruta S 11 B 13, Gruta S 11 A 26, Gruta S 11 A 26, Gruta S 11 C 08, Gruta S 11 D 39, Gruta S 11 D 55, Gruta S 11 D 10, (MNRJ) 26 spec, 23. viii- 02. ix. 2007, Andrade, R.; Gruta N 1 22, Gruta N 1 37, Gruta N 1 173, Gruta N 1 25, Gruta N 1 37, (MNRJ) 11 spec, 28. ix- 03. x. 2007, Andrade, R.; Gruta N 5 S 37 CL; Gruta N 4 E 14 AF; Gruta N 4 E 10 AF; Gruta N 5 S 8 AF; Gruta N 5 S 5 8 AF; Gruta N 5 S 21 AF; Gruta N 4 E 26 AF; Gruta N 4 E 61 CL; Gruta N 4 E 26 CL; Gruta N 4 E 61 AF; Gruta N 5 S 8 CL; (MNRJ) 18 spec, 07 - 12. x. 2008, Andrade, R. et al.; Gruta GEM 1578 CL, (MNRJ) 3 spec, 17 - 24. x. 2008; Curionopolis (Equatorial Rainforest and " Campos Rupestres "), Iron Ore: Gruta SL 74 CL, (MNRJ) 4 spec, 17 - 24. x. 2008, Andrade, R. et al.; Canaa dos Carajas (Equatorial Rainforest and " Campos Rupestres "), Iron Ore: Gruta NV 06, (MNRJ) 1 spec, 22 - 28. ii. 2005, Andrade, R., Arnone, I.; Gruta S 11 C 0124, Gruta S 11 C 0147, Gruta S 11 C 0153, (UFMT) 4 spec, 01 - 08. viii. 2015, BioEspeleo Consultoria Ambiental; Caverna ST 0068, (UFMT) 1 spec, 26. i. 2016, BioEspeleo Consultoria Ambiental; Altamira (Equatorial Rainforest), Sandstone and Shale: Caverna Leonardo da Vinci, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, xii. 2010, Bichuette, ME., Gallao, JE., von Schimonsky, DM.; Abrigo Paratizinho, (UFSCAR) 2 spec, 04. iv. 2011, Bichuette, ME., Gallao, JE., Pedroso, DR., von Schimonsky, DM. GOIAS: Sao Domingos (Cerrado), Limestone: Lapa Sao Mateus-Imbira III, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 11. vii. 1988, Gregeo UnB, Vendramini, G.; (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 13. ii. 2012, Bichuette, ME.; Lapa Angelica, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 20. iv. 2011 and (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 21. iv. 2011, Bichuette, ME.; (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 31. x. 2012, Bichuette, ME.; Caverna Sumidouro I, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 25. iv. 2012 and (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 17. vi. 2012, von Schimonsky, DM., Gallao, JE., Fernandes, CS; Formosa (Cerrado), Limestone: Buraco das Araras, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 06. x. 2011, Vidal, G. M.; Mambai (Cerrado), Limestone: Gruta Judite, (UFSCAR) 2 spec, 01. v. 2013, Bichuette, ME., Gallao, JE., von Schimonsky, DM., Rizzato, PP., Borghezan, R.; Gruta Pasto de Vacas, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 02. v. 2013, Bichuette, ME., Gallao, JE., von Schimonsky, DM., Rizzato, PP., Borghezan, R.; MATO GROSSO: Nobres (Cerrado), Limestone: Toca da Serra Rica, (UFSCAR) 3 spec, 04. v. 2015, Bichuette, ME., Chagas-Jr, A., Nunes, GA.; Toca do Sorvete, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 06. v. 2015, Bichuette, ME., Chagas-Jr, A., Nunes, GA.; Mato Grosso DO SUL: Bonito (Cerrado), Limestone: Gruta Sao Mateus, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 26. vi. 2012, Cordeiro, LM., Borghezan, R.; SERGIPE: Japaratuba (" Restinga " - Atlantic Forest and coastal vegetation), Limestone: Caverna Casa do Caboclo, (UFSCAR) 2 spec, 19. x. 2014, Bichuette, ME.; Simao Dias (Caatinga), Limestone: Toca da Raposa, (UFSCAR) 2 spec, 19. x. 2014, Bichuette, ME.; BAHIA: Carinhanha (Caatinga), Limestone: Gruna das Tres Cobras, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 10. ix. 2008, Bichuette, ME.; Gruna Google, (UFSCAR) 2 spec, 13. ix. 2008, Bichuette, ME.; Gruna Vila Nova, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 26. vii. 2012, Bichuette, ME., Gallao, JE., Rizzato, PP.; Gruna das Tres Cobras, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 30. v. 2012, Bichuette, ME., Gallao, JE.; Caverna Bem Bom, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 28. xi. 2015, Gallao, JE., Bichuette, ME.; Andarai (" Campos rupestres " highland heterogeneous vegetation on rocks), Sandstone: Gruna dos Torras, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 19. i. 2007, Bichuette, ME.; Coribe (Caatinga), Limestone: Gruna do Enfurnado, (UFSCAR) 2 spec, ix. 2007, Trajano, E., Sansone, D.; MINAS GERAIS: Januaria (Cerrado-Caatinga transition), Limestone: Gruta do Janelao, (UFSCAR) 5 spec, 22. vii. 2012, Bichuette, ME.; Itacarambi (Cerrado-Caatinga transition), Limestone: Lapa do Branco I, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, vi. 2014 by Monte, BGO.; Lapa do Cipo, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 10. iv. 2015, Gallao, JE., Monte, BGO and (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 26. viii. 2014, Bolfarini, MP., Monte, BGO.; Caverna Troncos, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 11. iv. 2015, Gallao, JE., Monte, BGO.; SAO PAULO: Altinopolis (Cerrado and Semidecidous seasonal forest), Sandstone: Gruta Itambe, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 30. vi. 2011, Bichuette, ME.; Caverna Olho de Cabra, (UFSCAR) 1 spec, 23. viii. 2016, Gallo, JS., Mello, RV, Ferro, JP.

Material. 1 specimen, ZMB number and locality uncertain; leg.? Gollmer.