AnimaliaNot EvaluatedacceptedspeciesAccepted
Andracantha gravida

Andracantha gravida

(Alegret, 1941)

GBIF:2499945

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Synonyms

PROFILE

Species Profile

Habitat

Marine Terrestrial

ABOUT

Descriptions(15)

AGUASCALIENTES, CHIHUAHUA, DURANGO, JALISCO: NA: Anas platyrhynchos diazi (Farias & Canaris 1986). Specimens deposited: USNPC (77569).
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
AGUASCALIENTES: NA: Anas platyrhynchos diazi (Farias & Canaris 1986). CHIHUAHUA: Galeana: Anas platyrhynchos diazi (Farias & Canaris 1986). DURANGO: NA: Anas platyrhynchos diazi (Farias & Canaris 1986); Nueva Ideal: Aythya affinis (Alcántara-Escalera 2008). ESTADO DE MÉXICO: Laguna de Chicnahuapan: Anas clypeata (Alcántara-Escalera 2008; García-Varela et al. 2009), Anas cyanoptera (Alcántara-Escalera 2008). JALISCO: NA: Anas platyrhynchos diazi (Farias & Canaris 1986). SINALOA: El Huizache: Anas clypeata (Alcántara-Escalera 2008). Notes: Specimens of Farias & Canaris (1986) were registered as Corynsoma constrictuum, species transferred to the genus Pseudocorynosoma by Aznar et al. (2006). Specimens deposited: CNHE (5720, 5881, 6270, 6721); USNPC (78852). Southwellina dimorpha Schmidt, 1973 Birds (A): Intestine. VERACRUZ: Lago Los Chivos **: Eudocimus albus. Specimens deposited: CNHE (6164).
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía Guerrero Negro **: Aythya affinis **. Specimens deposited: CNHE (6165). Polymorphus sp. Fishes (C): Intestine, mesentery. DURANGO: Río en el Pueblo Emilio Carranza: Micropterus salmoides; Río Nazas (Ciudad Lerdo): Astyanax mexicanus, Micropterus salmoides (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2010); Río Guatimapé (cortina de la Presa Guatimapé): Gila conspersa (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2009). GUERRERO: Laguna de Tres Palos: Eleotris picta (López-Chávez & Rodríguez-Analco 2001). JALISCO: Río Ayuquila: Xiphophorus hellerii (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 2004 a). VERACRUZ: Lago de Catemaco: Rhamdia guatemalensis (Salgado- Maldonado et al. 2005 b). Amphibia (C): Mesentery. VERACRUZ: Lago de Catemaco: Rhinella marina (Galicia-Guerrero et al. 2000). Birds (A): Intestine. CHIHUAHUA: Rancho Ojo Caliente: Bucephala albeola (Gladden & Canaris 2009). Notes: Gladden & Canaris (2009) recorded this material as “ Polymorphus sp. 1 ” and “ Polymorphus sp. 2 ”. Specimens deposited: USNPC (81152). Polymorphus trochus Van Cleave, 1945 a (Figures 13 - 14) Birds (A): Intestine. SINALOA: El Huizache **: Fulica americana. TAMAULIPAS: Laguna Madre (Punta Piedra) **: Fulica americana. Specimens deposited: CNHE (6166, 6837). Pseudocorynosoma anatarium (Van Cleave, 1945 b) Birds (A): Intestine. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía Guerrero Negro **: Bucephala albeola. DURANGO: Nueva Ideal: Bucephala albeola (García-Varela et al. 2009). SONORA: Ciénaga de Santa Clara **: Bucephala albeola. Specimens deposited: CNHE (5721 - 22, 6162 - 63).
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de La Paz: Cynoscion stolzmanni, Epinephelus analogus, Fistularia petimba, Haemulopsis leuciscus, Pomadasys bayanus (Prado-Ancona 1993). SINALOA: Bahía de Topolobampo: Nematistius pectoralis (Prado-Ancona 1993). Pomphorhynchus sp. Fishes (A): Intestine. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Las Pocitas: Eleotris picta (Méndez et al. 2010). Rhadinorhynchidae Travassos
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
CAMPECHE: Estuario Atasta: Cichlasoma urophthalmus, Vieja synspila (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1997); Laguna Cayo: Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1997); Laguna El Vapor: Cichlasoma geddesi, Cichlasoma pearsei, Parachromis managuensis, Vieja synspila (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1997); Laguna Palizada: Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1997). QUINTANA ROO: Laguna Noh-Bek: Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1997). TABASCO: Estanque Tucta: Parachromis friedrichsthalii, Petenia splendida, Thorichthys pasionis (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1997); Laguna Chiribital: Cichlasoma urophthalmus, Petenia splendida (Osorio-Sarabia et al. 1987); Laguna El Espino: Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1997); Laguna Santa Anita: Petenia splendida (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1997); Pantanos de Centla: Parachromis managuensis (López-Jiménez 2001); Río Camellones Chontales: Torichthys pasionis (Vidal-Martínez 1995). YUCATÁN: Cantera Mitza, Cenote cercano a Ría Lagartos, Estuario Celestún, Estuario Chelém: Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1997). Notes: Specimens in Salgado-Maldonado et al. (1997) were recorded as Polymorphus mutabilis, species re-assigned to Hexaglandula by Nickol et al. (2002). Material identified by Osorio-Sarabia et al. (1987) as Polymorphidae cystacanths, was considered as P. mutabilis by Salgado-Maldonado et al. (1997). Polymorphidae gen. sp. Fishes (C): Mesentery.
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
CAMPECHE: Laguna de Términos (El Viento): Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Vidal-Martínez et al. 2001). GUERRERO: Laguna de Coyuca: Centropomus nigrescens, Cichlasoma trimaculatum, Eleotris picta, Gobiomorus maculatus, Lutjanus argentiventris (Violante-González & Aguirre-Macedo 2007); Laguna de Tres Palos: Astyanax fasciatus, Centropomus nigrescens, Eleotris picta, Gobiomorus maculatus, Lutjanus argentiventris (Violante-González et al. 2007), Cichlasoma trimaculatum (Violante-González et al. 2007; Violante-González et al. 2008). TABASCO: Pantanos de Centla: Gobiomorus dormitor (CNHE). TAMAULIPAS: Laguna Madre (Punta Piedra): Archosargus probatocephalus, Micropogonias undulatus, Paralichthys lethostigma (Iruegas-Buentello 1999), Cynoscion arenarius, Cynoscion nebulosus, Sciaenops ocellatus (Ramos-Guerra, 1998; Iruegas-Buentello 1999). VERACRUZ: Laguna de Alvarado: Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Trujillo-Álvarez 1995), Gobiomorus dormitor (CNHE); Río Papaloapan (Tlacotalpan): Gobiomorus dormitor (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 2005 b); Río Tecolutla: Gobiomorus dormitor (Campos- Pérez 1992); Río Tecolutla (Gutiérrez-Zamora): Gobiomorus dormitor (Velázquez-Silvestre 1994). YUCATÁN: Laguna Celestún, Ría Lagartos: Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Vidal-Martínez et al. 2001); Progreso **: Cichlasoma urophthalmus. Specimens deposited: CNHE (600, 4917, 5109, 5111, 5113, 5114, 5117, 5119 - 20, 5122, 5990, 6123 - 25, 6676 - 77, 6686 - 88, 6692, 6718). Notes: Specimens from Tamaulipas were identified as Arhythmorhynchus duocinctus Chandler, which is synonym of S. hispida in accordance with Schmidt (1973). Birds (A): Intestine. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de San Quintín **: Botaurus lentiginosus **. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía Guerrero Negro **: Nycticorax nycticorax, Phalacrocorax auritus. CAMPECHE: Laguna de Términos: Egretta tricolor **. CHIAPAS: Centro Acuícola Benito Juárez: Ardea alba (CNHE). GUERRERO: Laguna de Coyuca: Ardea alba (CNHE), Phalacrocorax brasilianus **; Laguna de Tres Palos: Phalacrocorax brasilianus. NAYARIT: Estero La Tovara **: Anhinga anhinga **, Ardea herodias **, Butorides virescens **, Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Tigrisoma mexicanum. TABASCO: Laguna de Las Ilusiones: Ardea alba (CNHE); Laguna El Espino: Egretta garzetta (García-Varela & Pérez-Ponce de León 2008; Guillén- Hernández et al. 2008). TAMAULIPAS: Laguna Madre (Punta Piedra) **: Pelecanus occidentalis **. VERACRUZ: Laguna de Alvarado: Egretta caerulea, Egretta thula (Chávez-López et al. 1996); Lago Los Chivos **: Nycticorax nycticorax; Río Tecolutla: Ardea herodias (CNHE); Río Papaloapan (Tlacotalpan) **: Ardea alba, Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Tigrisoma mexicanum (García-Varela & Pérez-Ponce de León 2008; Guillén-Hernández et al. 2008; García-Varela et al. 2009). YUCATÁN: Celestún **: Ardea alba; Chuburná: Ardea alba (CNHE), Platalea ajaja (Barrera-Guzmán & Guillén-Hernández 2008); Ciénaga de Progreso: Ardea herodias (CNHE). Specimens deposited: CNHE (5108, 5110, 5112, 5118, 5121, 5123 - 24, 5769 - 70, 5878, 6689 - 91, 6712 - 17, 6719 - 20, 6735 - 36, 6738 - 39). Pomphorhynchidae Yamaguti Pomphorhynchus bulbocolli Linkins in Van Cleave, 1919 (Figure 15 - 16) Fishes (A): Intestine. CAMPECHE: Campeche: Diapterus auratus (Salgado-Maldonado 1978 b). DURANGO: La Barranca (Nombre de Dios): Catostomus nebuliferus, Gila conspersa (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2009). Notes: Prado-Ancona (1993) re-identified the specimens of Salgado-Maldonado (1978 b) as Pomphorhynchus rocci; however, Amin et al. (2003) included Mexico in the distribution range of P. bulbocolli based on the record of Salgado-Maldonado (1978 b). Specimens deposited: CNHE (680, 6707 - 6708).
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
DURANGO: Ojo de Agua San Juan: Characodon lateralis (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2009). ESTADO DE MÉXICO: Arroyo Santiago Tiacaque (Ixtlahuaca), Laguna Salazar (Ocoyoacac): Girardinichthys multiradiatus (Sánchez-Nava et al. 2004); Presa Ignacio Ramírez: Girardinichthys multiradiatus (Salgado- Maldonado 2006). GUANAJUATO: Presa Ignacio Allende: Xenotoca variata (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 2001 b); Río La Laja (Presa Ignacio Allende): Yuriria alta (Salgado-Maldonado 2006). JALISCO: Lago de Chapala: Chapalichthys encaustus (Martínez-Aquino et al. 2009), Ictalurus dugesii (Pérez-Ponce de León & Choudhury 2002), Ictalurus sp. **, Poecilia sphenops, Poeciliopsis infans (Salgado-Maldonado 2006). MICHOACÁN: Lago de Pátzcuaro: Algansea lacustris (Mendoza-Garfias et al. 1996; Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2000), Alloophorus robustus, Allotoca diazi (Peresbarbosa-Rojas et al. 1994; Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2000), Chirostoma attenuatum (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 1994; Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2000; Lira- Guerrero et al. 2008), Chirostoma estor (Osorio-Sarabia et al. 1986 b; Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2000; Lira- Guerrero et al. 2008), Chirostoma grandocule (Lira-Guerrero et al. 2008), Cyprinus carpio, Goodea atripinnis, Micropterus salmoides (Salgado-Maldonado & Osorio-Sarabia 1987); Lago de Cuitzeo: Alloophorus robustus (Sánchez-Álvarez 1997), Chirostoma jordani (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 1996); Lago de Zacapu: Alloophorus robustus, Goodea atripinnis, Xenotoca variata (Galicia-Guerrero 2001), Chirostoma humboldtianum (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 1996; Lira-Guerrero et al. 2008); Represa La Mintzita: Xenotoca variata (Salgado-Maldonado 2006). QUINTANA ROO: Cenote Los Cuates: Vieja synspila (Scholz et al. 1996). VERACRUZ: Lago de Catemaco: Heterandria bimaculata (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1992), Rhamdia guatemalensis (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 1992), Vieja fenestrata (Salgado-Maldonado et al. 1992; Jiménez- García 1993). Specimens deposited: CNHE (570, 577, 579, 602, 616, 641, 643, 950, 1602 - 03, 2864, 3301, 3947 - 48, 4245, 4823, 5082, 6241). Amphibia (C): Liver, mesentery. MICHOACÁN: Lago de Pátzcuaro: Ambystoma dumerili (García-Altamirano et al. 1993). Specimens deposited: CNHE (644). Squamata (C): Body cavity, mesentery. DISTRITO FEDERAL: Lago de Xochimilco: Thamnophis eques (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2001). ESTADO DE MÉXICO: Ciénaga de Lerma: Thamnophis eques, Thamnophis melanogaster (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2001; Jiménez-Ruiz et al. 2002). JALISCO: Lago de Chapala: Thamnophis eques, Thamnophis melanogaster (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2001; Jiménez-Ruiz et al. 2002). MICHOACÁN: Lago de Cuitzeo: Thamnophis melanogaster (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2001); Lago de Pátzcuaro, Lago de Zacapu: Thamnophis eques, Thamnophis melanogaster (Pérez-Ponce de León et al. 2001). Testudines (C): Body cavity, mesentery. MICHOACÁN: Lago de Cuitzeo, Lago de Pátzcuaro, Lago de Zacapu: Kinosternon hirtipes (Pérez- Ponce de León et al. 2001). Specimens deposited: CNHE (3231, 3813 - 14, 3454 - 59), HWML (15215). Birds (A): Intestine. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de San Quintín **: Botaurus lentiginosus; San Quintín (El Molino Viejo) **: Botaurus lentiginosus. GUANAJUATO: Laguna de Yuriria **: Egretta caerulea **. GUERRERO: Tetitlán: Egretta thula (García-Varela & Pérez-Ponce de León 2008; Guillén-Hernández et al. 2008). MICHOACÁN: Lago de Cuitzeo: Nycticorax nycticorax (García-Varela & Pérez-Ponce de León 2008; Guillén-Hernández et al. 2008; García-Varela et al. 2009); Lago de Pátzcuaro: Ardea alba, Egretta thula (Ramos-Ramos 1994), Nycticorax nycticorax (Salgado-Maldonado 1980 b). VERACRUZ: Lago de Catemaco: Egretta thula (Lamothe-Argumedo et al. 1993). Specimens deposited: CNHE (627, 677, 1377, 5766, 5778, 6835 - 6886). Notes: Some specimens collected in fishes, amphibians and birds were recorded as Arhythmorhynchus brevis, which is currently included in Polymorphus (Amin 1992).
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
Fishes (J): Rectum, spiral valve, stomach.
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
NAYARIT: San Blas: Nyctanassa violacea (Guillén-Hernández et al. 2008). TABASCO: Laguna El Espino: Nyctanassa violacea (Guillén-Hernández et al. 2008). VERACRUZ: Catemaco (La Victoria) **: Nyctanassa violacea; Río Papaloapan (Tlacotalpan): Nyctanassa violacea (Guillén-Hernández et al. 2008). YUCATÁN: Ría Lagartos: Nyctanassa violacea (Guillén-Hernández et al. 2008). Notes: Cystacanths of Hexaglandula corynosoma were collected from the body cavity of the Fiddler crab (Uca spinicarpa Rathbun) in Yucatán, Mexico by Guillén-Hernández et al. (2008). Specimens deposited: CNHE (5771 - 73, 5765).
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
SINALOA: Mazatlán: Mycteroperca rosacea (Van Cleave 1953). Mammals (A): Intestine. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Isla Cerdros: Zalophus californianus (CNHE). Notes: Valid species according to Aznar et al. (2006). Specimens deposited: CNHE (599). Corynosoma sp. Fishes (C): Mesentery. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de San Quintín: Sebastes constellatus, Sebastes rosaceus, Sebastes umbrosus (Alvarado-Villamar & Ruiz-Campos 1992); Isla Ángel de la Guarda: Paralabrax maculatofasciatus (Iturbe-González 1998); Punta Santo Tomás: Racochilus vacca, Embiotoca lateralis (Moser & Haldorson 1982); BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de La Paz, Canal Cerralvo: Epinephelus labriformis (Inohuye- Rivera 1995); San José del Cabo: Epinephelus acanthistius, Epinephelus analogus, Epinephelus labriformis (Inohuye-Rivera 1995), Mycteroperca rosacea, Mycteroperca xenarcha (Flores-Herrera 1995); Todos Santos: Mycteroperca jordani, Mycteroperca xenarcha (Flores-Herrera 1995). Notes: In accordance with Aznar et al. (2006), the genus Corynosoma is not a monophyletic assemblage; based on this arguments, they proposed the genus Pseudocorynosoma to reallocate ‘‘ freshwater’ ’ species of Corynosoma; “ marine ” species pertaining currently to the genus Corynosoma use teleosts as paratenic and pinnipeds as definitive hosts. Specimens deposited: CNHE (3337); CPMHN-UABCS (00049 - 1 - 00049 - 4, 000065). Mammals (A): Intestine. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Isla Guadalupe: Mirounga angustirostris (Schroeder & Wegeforth, 1935). BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Isla Asunción, Isla San Benito: Zalophus californianus (Schroeder & Wegeforth, 1935); Los Islotes (Bahía de La Paz): Zalophus californianus (Méndez 2002). Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1802) Fishes (C): Mesentery. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Bahía de San Quintín, Bahía de Todos Santos, Estero Punta Banda: Paralichthys californicus (Castillo-Sánchez et al. 1998). Notes: Valid species according to Aznar et al. (2006). Specimens deposited: CNHE (2902 - 03).
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
Specimens deposited: CHCM (431); CNHE (667 - 672, 5718, 6573); ECOSUR (qr- 99 - 117 - 04); CHE (qr- 99 - 103). Gorgorhynchoides sp. Fishes (J): Mesentery. CAMPECHE: Campeche: Trachinotus carolinus (Sánchez-Ramírez & Vidal-Martínez 2002). YUCATÁN: Celestún, Progreso: Trachinotus carolinus (Sánchez-Ramírez & Vidal-Martínez 2002). Specimens deposited: CHCM, CNHE (6490).
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
TAMAULIPAS: Laguna Madre (Punta Piedra) **: Pelecanus occidentalis, Phalacrocorax auritus. YUCATÁN: Celestún: Phalacrocorax auritus (García-Varela et al. 2009). Specimens deposited: CNHE (5997, 6833). Arhythmorhynchus sp. Fishes (C): TABASCO: Laguna Loncho: Petenia splendida (Reséndez-Medina & Salvadores 1983). Bolbosoma hamiltoni Baylis, 1929 Mammals (A): Intestine. BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR: Bahía de La Paz: Stenella longirostris (Aguilar-Aguilar et al. 2001). Specimens deposited: CNHE (4022).
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
VERACRUZ: Laguna de Alvarado: Ariopsis felis, Cathorops melanopus (Chávez-López et al. 1996); Laguna de Sontecomapan: Cathorops melanopus (Salgado-Maldonado 1978 b). Sepecimens deposited: CNHE (681). Rhadinorhynchus sp. Fishes (NA): NA. VERACRUZ: Laguna de Alvarado: Menticirrhus americanus, Menticirrhus sexatilis (Chávez-López et al. 1996).
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
VERACRUZ: Laguna de Alvarado: Micropogonias undulatus (Chávez-Lopez et al. 1996); Laguna de Sontecomapan: Bagre marinus (CNHE); Playa Jicacal: NA (Salgado-Maldonado 1978 b). Specimens deposited: CNHE (624, 682). Serrasentis sp. Fishes (A): Intestine. TAMAULIPAS: Laguna Madre (Punta Piedra): Micropogonias undulatus (Iruegas-Buentello 1999). YUCATÁN: Chelém, Progreso: Lutjanus griseus (Argáez-García 2003). Unidentified family
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico
YUCATÁN: Chuburná, Telchac: Epinephelus morio (Moravec et al. 1995; Moravec et al. 1997); Chelém, Estero Celestún, Progreso, Ría Lagartos, Sisal: Epinephelus morio (Moravec et al. 1997). Specimens deposited: CHCM; CNHE (3152); IPASCR.
Checklist of the Acanthocephala in wildlife vertebrates of Mexico

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Geographic Distribution(9)

Caribbean
North America
Caribbean
North America
Philippines
Gulf of Mexico
Caribbean
North America
Mexican part of the Gulf of Mexico(MX)

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CITATIONS

References(9)

  • 1

    Amin, Omar M. / Crompton, D. W. T. and Brent B. Nickol, 1985: Classification. Biology of the Acanthocephala. 27-72.

    Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
  • 2

    Amin, Omar M., 1998: Marine Flora and Fauna of the Eastern United States: Acanthocephala. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 135. ii + 28.

    Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
  • 3

    Amin, Omar M., 2013: Classification of the Acanthocephala. Folia Parasitologica, vol. 60, no. 4. 273-305.

    Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
  • 4

    García-Varela, M.; Hernández-Orts, J.; López-Jiménez, A.; González-García, M. (2023). Molecular and morphological characterization of <i>Andracantha gravida</i> (Alegret, 1941) (Acanthocephala: Polymorphidae) in piscivorous birds from the Gulf of Mexico. <em>Journal of Helminthology.</em> 97.

    redescriptionWorld Register of Marine SpeciesDOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000955
  • 5

    Golvan, Y. J., 1994: Nomenclature of the Acanthocephala. Research and Reviews in Parasitology, vol. 54, no. 3. 135-25.

    Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
  • Source Information

    GBIF Backbone Taxonomy

    GBIF Backbone Taxonomy

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    The GBIF Backbone Taxonomy is a single, synthetic management classification with the goal of covering all names GBIF is dealing with. It's the taxonomic backbone that allows GBIF to integrate name based information from different resources, no matter if these are occurrence datasets, species pages, names from nomenclators or external sources like EOL, Genbank or IUCN. This backbone allows taxonomic search, browse and reporting operations across all those resources in a consistent way and to provide means to crosswalk names from one source to another.

    It is updated regulary through an automated process in which the Catalogue of Life acts as a starting point also providing the complete higher classification above families. Additional scientific names only found in other authoritative nomenclatural and taxonomic datasets are then merged into the tree, thus extending the original catalogue and broadening the backbones name coverage. The GBIF Backbone taxonomy also includes identifiers for Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) drawn from the barcoding resources iBOL and UNITE.

    International Barcode of Life project (iBOL), Barcode Index Numbers (BINs). BINs are connected to a taxon name and its classification by taking into account all names applied to the BIN and picking names with at least 80% consensus. If there is no consensus of name at the species level, the selection process is repeated moving up the major Linnaean ranks until consensus is achieved.

    UNITE - Unified system for the DNA based fungal species, Species Hypotheses (SHs). SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification based on the determination of the RefS (reference sequence) if present or the RepS (representative sequence). In the latter case, if there is no match in the UNITE taxonomy, the lowest rank with 100% consensus within the SH will be used.

    The GBIF Backbone Taxonomy is available for download at https://hosted-datasets.gbif.org/datasets/backbone/ in different formats together with an archive of all previous versions.

    The following 105 sources have been used to assemble the GBIF backbone with number of names given in brackets:

    • Catalogue of Life Checklist - 4766428 names
    • International Barcode of Life project (iBOL) Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) - 635951 names
    • UNITE - Unified system for the DNA based fungal species linked to the classification - 611208 names
    • The Paleobiology Database - 212054 names
    • World Register of Marine Species - 188857 names
    • The Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera - 183894 names
    • The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) - 131891 names
    • GBIF Backbone Taxonomy - 114350 names
    • TAXREF - 109374 names
    • The Leipzig catalogue of vascular plants - 75380 names
    • ZooBank - 73549 names
    • Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) - 68377 names
    • Plazi.org taxonomic treatments database - 61346 names
    • Genome Taxonomy Database r207 - 60545 names
    • International Plant Names Index - 52329 names
    • Fauna Europaea - 45077 names
    • The National Checklist of Taiwan (Catalogue of Life in Taiwan, TaiCoL) - 36193 names
    • Dyntaxa. Svensk taxonomisk databas - 35892 names
    • The Plant List with literature - 32692 names
    • United Kingdom Species Inventory (UKSI) - 29643 names
    • Artsnavnebasen - 29208 names
    • The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species - 21221 names
    • Afromoths, online database of Afrotropical moth species (Lepidoptera) - 13961 names
    • Brazilian Flora 2020 project - Projeto Flora do Brasil 2020 - 13829 names
    • Prokaryotic Nomenclature Up-to-Date (PNU) - 10079 names
    • Checklist Dutch Species Register - Nederlands Soortenregister - 8814 names
    • ICTV Master Species List (MSL) - 7852 names
    • Cockroach Species File - 6020 names
    • GRIN Taxonomy - 5882 names
    • Taxon list of fungi and fungal-like organisms from Germany compiled by the DGfM - 4570 names
    • Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees - 3623 names
    • Catalogue of Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) of North America - 3327 names
    • Checklist of Beetles (Coleoptera) of Canada and Alaska. Second Edition. - 3312 names
    • Systema Dipterorum - 2850 names
    • Catalogue of the Pterophoroidea of the World - 2807 names
    • The Clements Checklist - 2675 names
    • Taxon list of Hymenoptera from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 2496 names
    • IOC World Bird List, v13.2 - 2366 names
    • Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology - 2310 names
    • National checklist of all species occurring in Denmark - 1922 names
    • Myriatrix - 1876 names
    • Database of Vascular Plants of Canada (VASCAN) - 1822 names
    • Taxon list of vascular plants from Bavaria, Germany compiled in the context of the BFL project - 1771 names
    • Orthoptera Species File - 1742 names
    • A list of the terrestrial fungi, flora and fauna of Madeira and Selvagens archipelagos - 1602 names
    • Aphid Species File - 1565 names
    • World Spider Catalog - 1561 names
    • Taxon list of Jurassic Pisces of the Tethys Palaeo-Environment compiled at the SNSB-JME - 1270 names
    • Backbone Family Classification Patch - 1143 names
    • GBIF Algae Classification - 1100 names
    • International Cichorieae Network (ICN): Cichorieae Portal - 975 names
    • Psocodea Species File - 803 names
    • New Zealand Marine Macroalgae Species Checklist - 787 names
    • Annotated checklist of endemic species from the Western Balkans - 754 names
    • Taxon list of animals with German names (worldwide) compiled at the SMNS - 503 names
    • Catalogue of the Alucitoidea of the World - 472 names
    • Lygaeoidea Species File - 462 names
    • Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia - 422 names
    • GBIF Backbone Patch - 317 names
    • Phasmida Species File - 259 names
    • Cortinariaceae fetched from the Index Fungorum API - 234 names
    • Coreoidea Species File - 233 names
    • GTDB supplement - 139 names
    • Mantodea Species File - 119 names
    • Endemic species in Taiwan - 93 names
    • Taxon list of Araneae from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 88 names
    • Species of Hominidae - 78 names
    • Taxon list of Sternorrhyncha from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 77 names
    • Taxon list of mosses from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 75 names
    • Mammal Species of the World - 73 names
    • Plecoptera Species File - 71 names
    • Species Fungorum Plus - 64 names
    • Catalogue of the type specimens of Cosmopterigidae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea) from research collections of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences - 47 names
    • Species named after famous people - 41 names
    • Dermaptera Species File - 36 names
    • Taxon list of Trichoptera from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 34 names
    • True Fruit Flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) of the Afrotropical Region - 33 names
    • Range and Regularities in the Distribution of Earthworms of the Earthworms of the USSR Fauna. Perel, 1979 - 32 names
    • Taxon list of Diplura from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 30 names
    • Lista de referencia de especies de aves de Colombia - 2022 - 24 names
    • Taxon list of Auchenorrhyncha from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 20 names
    • Catalogue of the type specimens of Polycestinae (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from research collections of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences - 19 names
    • Taxon list of Thysanoptera from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 19 names
    • Lista de especies de vertebrados registrados en jurisdicción del Departamento del Huila - 18 names
    • Taxon list of Microcoryphia (Archaeognatha) from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 15 names
    • Catalogue of the type specimens of Bufonidae and Megophryidae (Amphibia: Anura) from research collections of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences - 12 names
    • Grylloblattodea Species File - 11 names
    • Coleorrhyncha Species File - 9 names
    • Taxon list of liverworts from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 9 names
    • Embioptera Species File - 7 names
    • Taxon list of Pisces and Cyclostoma from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 6 names
    • Taxon list of Pteridophyta from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 6 names
    • Taxon list of Siphonaptera from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 5 names
    • The Earthworms of the Fauna of Russia. Perel, 1997 - 5 names
    • Taxon list of Zygentoma from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 4 names
    • Asiloid Flies: new taxa of Diptera: Apioceridae, Asilidae, and Mydidae - 3 names
    • Taxon list of Protura from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 3 names
    • Taxon list of hornworts from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 2 names
    • Chrysididae Species File - 1 names
    • Taxon list of Dermaptera from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 1 names
    • Taxon list of Diplopoda from Germany in the context of the GBOL project - 1 names
    • Taxon list of Orthoptera (Grashoppers) from Germany compiled at the SNSB - 1 names
    • Taxon list of Pscoptera from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 1 names
    • Taxon list of Pseudoscorpiones from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 1 names
    • Taxon list of Raphidioptera from Germany compiled in the context of the GBOL project - 1 names

    GBIF Secretariat (2023). GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/39omei accessed via GBIF.org on 2026-06-14.

    CC BYPublished 8/28/2023View dataset
    GBIF Usage Key
    2499945
    Dataset Key
    d7dddbf4-2cf0-4f39-9b2a-bb099caae36c
    Origin
    source
    Backbone Key
    2499945
    Taxon ID
    gbif:2499945
    Last Crawled
    8/22/2023
    Last Interpreted
    8/22/2023