Discoglossidae

Figure 7 A-I, L-Q MAXILLAE: The maxillary elements have been grouped informally into three divisions: (1) Large frog with sculptured maxilla (discoglossid A). (2) Large frog with smooth maxilla (discoglossid B). (3) Small frog with sculptured maxilla (discoglossid C). Discoglossid A The external sculpturing in AMNH 8461 (fig. 7 P, Q) is basically of the pattern found in the smaller group of frogs represented by AMNH 8460, and can be distinguished from them by the greater depth of the pits and the greater prominence of the surrounding ridges, which occasionally become isolated into tubercle-like projections. As in the smaller specimens, the external sculpturing is not present at the ventral border of the maxilla. On the maxilla about 20 teeth are present in a distance of 8 mm. Discoglossid B These are much larger than the small frogs with sculptured maxillae and only slightly smaller than the larger forms with sculptured maxillae. The maxilla in AMNH 8462 is essentially smooth. A few faint anteroposteriorly elongate grooves are present in some specimens. The height of the teeth is the same as in AMNH 8461 and 20 teeth occupy a distance of 5.6 mm. on the maxilla (fig. 7 N, 0). Discoglossid C A number of maxillary fragments have been recovered which are dimensionally and morphologically distinct from other anuran maxillae. AMNH 8460 is a slender maxilla containing a number of teeth, the crowns of which have been broken (fig. 7 L, M). The teeth are about 0.25 mm. in height and 20 teeth are present in a distance of 3.6 mm. The external sculpturing is quite distinctive and consists of shallow pitted depressions bounded by ridges. The ventral edge of the maxilla is free of sculpturing. HUMERI: The criteria for differentiating distal ends of frog humeri were discussed by Hecht and Estes (1960) in their study of the amphibians from the Jurassic Como Bluff localities in Wyoming. Some of these features are: the distance from the lateral to the medial epicondyle; the diameter of the distal ball; the relative development of the fossa cubitus ventralis; the development of the crests originating from the condyles, and the shape and size of the olecranon scar including the position of its dorsal termination. Discoglossid A A distinct group of humeri is represented by AMNH 8446 (fig. 7 A, B). These humeral fragments are easily differentiated from other humeri on the basis of size and other criteria. These robust humeri measure 6.4 mm. from the lateral epicondyle to the medial epicondyle, and the diameter of the head ball is 4.4 mm. Apart from their large size, these humeri can be distinguished by better development of the lateral epicondyle than in either AMNH 8450 or 8449. The medial crest does not originate from the medial epicondyle but usually from a point between the medial epicondyle and the ball. The crest is distinct and a small foramen lies medial to it. The lateral crest is much smaller and less distinct, and originates slightly lateral to the ball. The two crests do not meet although the medial crest continues dorsally along with humeral shaft. The olecranon scar is well developed and the dorsal apex is not so pointed as in AMNH 8450 and 8449 nor is it situated so far laterally. Discoglossid B A fragment of a humerus, AMNH 8449, is distinct from the other humeri in the collection (fig. 7 C, D). It is dissimilar from AMNH 8450 in the development of the epicondyles, particularly in the position and degree of separation of the lateral epicondyle from the ball, and also in size. The diameter of the ball is 3.2 mm. and the distance between the epicondyles is 4.5 mm. The crests are developed as in AMNH 8450, and the medial crest is distinctly more prominent than the lateral crest. The crests do not join dorsal to the fossa cubitus ventralis and gradually become indistinct. The fossa cubitus ventralis is a fairly deep crescentic depression. Most of the olecranon scar is broken away but its dorsal termination appears to be also close to the lateral border. Just dorsal to the fossa cubitus ventralis, the shaft is dorsoventrally compressed. Discoglossid C The distal part of a humerus, AMNH 8450 (fig. 7 E, F), is referable to this category. Its humeral ball is spherical with a diameter of 2 mm. The lateral epicondyle is closely approximated to the ball and not well formed, but the medial condyle is strongly developed and well separated from the ball. A prominent crest originates at the ventral edge of the medial epicondyle and extends dorsally. The medial crest is much better developed than the lateral crest, the latter originating at the dorsal limit of the lateral epicondyle. The fossa cubitus ventralis is shallow. Neither of the crests is very distinct. The area dorsal to the lateral epicondyle is laterally expanded and flattened. The olecranon scar is relatively large and subtriangular; the dorsal apex of the scar is situated close to the lateral border. The shaft narrows considerably at the point of dorsal termination of the olecranon scar and the cross section of the shaft becomes rounded. ILIA: Six specimens are referred to the Discoglossidae on the basis of characters listed by Estes (1964, p. 56). AMNH 8456 is a partially complete right ilium (fig. 7 G). The acetabulum is relatively larger and more rounded than in the pelobatid specimens. The pubic process is short and the shaft relatively straight, as can be seen in AMNH 8457 (fig. 7 H). The dorsal crest is not well developed but an elongate prominent groove is present ventral to it. A single specimen, AMNH 8459, is different from ilia represented by AMNH 8452 and 8453, and has been referred to the Discoglossidae (fig. 71). The most obvious difference is in the expansion of the acetabulum anteriorly. The acetabulum is shallowly depressed and well separated from the rest of the bone by a prominent raised rim. The anterior edge of the acetabulum is pointed and projects anteriorly. The pubic process of the ilium is greatly reduced and the ischial process is shorter than in the other anuran ilia recovered.